Code of Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Code of Ethics - Assignment slip4. Free competition The savings banking and finance industry believes that free and fair competition is the basis of the free food market economic system and avoids collusive, anti-competitive discussions and/or agreements with competitors.7. Conflict of cheer private descent interests. Employees who argon the bank or financial institution employees owe their devotion to their employer. They mustiness avoid participating in whatsoever decision, by or on behalf of their bank, which may affect any private business in which they have an interest unless they have disclosed the nature and extent of that interest to a relevant superior in the bank or financial institution.8. Conflicts of interest citizenship duties. Banking employees who discharge citizenship responsibility through membership of public or quasi-public decision-making bodies (school boards, townspeople councils, etc.) should be diligent to possible conflicts of interest and declare an y such conflict (Frederick 157).9. Customer silence and employer information. ... 8. Conflicts of interest citizenship duties. Banking employees who discharge citizenship responsibility through membership of public or quasi-public decision-making bodies (school boards, town councils, etc.) should be alert to possible conflicts of interest and declare any such conflict (Frederick 157). 9. Customer privacy and employer information. Employees must enjoy their employers obligation to protect the confidentiality of customers affairs. Similar respect must be paid to the privacy of fellow employees. In addition, certain information about the banks or financial institutions plans, methods, and activities is considered by the employer to be proprietary and confidential and members must not disclose such information without proper sanction. 10. Inside information about the employers affairs or those of customers shall not be used by employees for their own gain, or for that of others. The b ank requires a heist level of confidentiality. 11. Employees are obliged to report any illegal behavior and actions.12. Employees are obliged to report any illegal behavior and actions.13. Banking employees shall not use their employment status to seek personal gain from those doing business or seeking to do business with their employer, nor accept such gain if offered.14. Social responsibility Employees who are managers should give full consideration not only to traditional financial factors but also credibly economic and social effects of their decisions (Frederick 154-155).

The audit framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The audit framework - Essay ExampleMore boil down upon ensuring the independence of the auditors is do. Limitations and restrictions upon the non-audit services provided by the auditors shall remove much of the threat to the independence of the auditors a persistent with the alterations in the mandatary audit rotation. Making it more dynamic and competitive makes the audit food market in the European league much efficient. Encouraging joint audits shall be able to overcome the dominance of the big fours in the market and thus shall increase the competition in the market. The harmonization of the audit standards in the European Union shall be expanding the audit market in the European Union. With the enhanced supervision of the audit sector and much reforms made in the audit sector it shall be affecting various stakeholders and its impact along with the difficulties are elaborated.The long awaited audit reforms dedicate been completed by the EU however now awaits their practica l deduction it would reveal their impact over the companies. Audit reforms are move that come after the financial crisis that corporates earn faced and proximity seen in the relation of the auditors to their clients. Reforms are not only the challenge for the audit firms except also for the companies, they would be implyd to adapt to new regulations. Some of the factors that would deeply affect companies that undergo are discussed as followEven changing of engagement partner was considered auditor rotation however changed reforms require change in audit firm maximum after 24 years including extension period. Companies would have to be more vigilant in their choice of auditor as relationship would be of extra period (more than previous 3 years) and non-audit services would be restricted. Changing of auditors before 10 years would not be appreciated reforms do not aim to increase the competition in the audit market thus the replacement during first

Reasons why the Proof for the Existence of God is Necessary Research Paper

Reasons why the Proof for the Existence of theology is Necessary - interrogation Paper ExampleThe thesis of this paper is princip every(prenominal)y on religion and the abridgment of the company. It looks down to exhibiting the mathematical function of God in the companies welfare. In addition, the essay is worth reading, as it brings kayoed cordial relations of the contrastive employees in different departments. Further, it is due to God that companies manage operations with fewer constraints. The thesis is worth arguing ab off because without God, solely operations fail. The universe as wide as it is depends on God and all living beings in it should know how they came into being. There exist five principal proofs for the existence of God. These are that is to say the proof that the universe had a beginning, the universe exhibit designs, in that respect is a plebeian morality for all human beings, the resurrection of Jesus, and a suggestion for the experience of the clai ms of Jesus. To begin with, it is be guide that everything should have a cause and this thence denotes the reason why the universe had a foundation (Goswami, 2008). God is the super founder of all beings. In making the universe, God used several unique means to bring out a clear picture of His (God) real self to individuals inhabiting the world. This denotes the reason why managers should view all employees as individuals of dignity. Purposely, God had a common value for all beings in the universe. The same way individuals in an organization should set common goals attainable by all employees. Christians should be accountable for arguments regarding the nature of God. All Christians have a common believe that Jesus Christ resurrected from the dead. This is significant to managers in that it imparts knowledge that despite the loopholes impeding the growth of the company, there are ways of developing the overall output. Proving the existence of God necessitates individuals to claim what Jesus Christ has through with(p) in their lives. Therefore, it is worth noting that the companies should exhibit positive deeds of the analysis work based on ghostly background. The argument regarding the proof of existence of God Company analysis refers to a phase where individuals deepen their scene to establish the problems facing the companies and determine solutions to the problems. Religion refers to the belief of some individuals to work under the control of a supernatural ruling being, God or gods. Religion is vital for the survival of the operations of the businesses established by individuals. Through religion, God the Supreme Being prevails in the worship centers. People respond differently to the ineffable places where the adoration of God takes place. This is a source of power to enhance them obtain the ability to carry out distinguished tasks. God is the supernatural being in the universe believed to work with human beings to bring out several realistic goals. God exists purposely as a weapon used by crabbed individuals to perform specific tasks as required. It is important to consider God before carrying out any operations. God helps individuals to win over the other competing elements. Performance of company analysis is better after a realisation of the existence of God. This is because Christians determine the profits of the companies without considering their own personal interests because of believing that God is watching over them. collectable to the reason that individuals associate with various groups talking about a common enlightening being, people should have a goal for their primary reason to work with companies (Horn, 2010). They should establish and bring to light the reasons for carrying out an analysis of the company. On the contrary, it is worth arguing that God does not help individuals to

Concert Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Concert Report - Essay spokespersonIn readiness for the concert, I enjoyed a special dinner prepared for the earreach. More specifically, LA Phil staff member introduced us to the evening classical concert amidst cheers from the audience. It was such a refreshing and joyous feeling to be fibre of this audience.The pianist and concert director, Christian Zacharias opened the Los Angeles Philharmonic Classical Music concert with a fascinating performance that left the audience in party mood and in happy feelings. The conductor manifested his creativity and perfection in playing neo-classical Danses concertantes to the enjoyment of the audience that kept their clapping and cheers for the longer part of his performance. The rhythm and the matching beats were resonantly entertaining and seemingly derived the destined message in a light yet refreshing tone. The Concertmaster who played the Bach violin with immense energy and fun derived a sweet feeling as the audience enjoyed every t one, beat, and the rhythmic movement of his body. Indeed, Martin Chalifour left the audience zest for more of artistic expertise despite playing numerous sets of refreshing music.At some point, the slew sought to remember the depressing feelings that Robert Schumann felt during their performance. This led to a sad feeling as the audience identified with the bands expression of Schumanns sad encounters. Nevertheless, Christian Zacharias led the band in clear beats, swift body movement, and rhythmic music flow to the amazement of the audience, which exhibited deep feelings towards the message communicated by the performers. Furthermore, the Walt Disney Concert Hall offered a resounding bass response, which completed a sweet tonal variation with the joyous violin. As such, I was able to identify and enjoy every tone, beat, and rhythms from the performers. However, at some point, the resounding bass response led to a booming sound, which disturbed my hearing thus creating a impress feeling.At the same time,

Hollow Claims about Fantasy Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hollow Claims well-nigh Fantasy Violence - Essay Exampleunder study is to sit and question the evidences that connects the influence of the recreation media and the violent behavior in the public specifically the children. The message depicted by the work targets the present generation who had a wide variety of media forms. In terms of the arguments of the author, it rout out be observed that in depth research had been undertaken in relation back to the evidences that had been relayed although there are limitations in the presentation in relation to the length of presentation.The organization of the paper can be considered categorized in the basis of the background information. The primary(prenominal) points are separated in paragraphs followed by the evidences that can support the claims of the author. On a personal place there are questions regarding the way results of empirical studies had been considered insignificant although certain arguments also used empirical evidences to be able to support the thesis and topic of the argument.Due to the use of the empirical evidences gathered by the academe and by the authorities in related groups in the field of psychology and law enforcement, the argument can be considered weak in some points but strong in other views. It can be considered that the author used certain arguments to support his claim while in some cases similar entropy are discredited. Such actions can be considered to decrease the strength of the argument.In the first paragraph, the author claimed that the disposal officials and members of the administration of the government are prejudiced in the claim that violence is largely caused by the media. base on the arguments presented in the first paragraph, the politicians are pointing and giving attention to the issue on the basis of the persuasion of the majority of the population (Par.1). The author stressed on the lack of strong evidence to support the rattling connection which is between t he violence in media and behavior of the audience (Par 2).With regards to

Positive and Negative Environmental effects of Genetically Modified Research Paper

Positive and Negative Environmental effects of familialally Modified Crops - Research Paper ExampleStill, a number of objections have been raised. This essay examines the positive and proscribe environmental effects of genetically special crops. While genetically modified crops have steadily gained deem there exists a strong contingent of groups that object to these crops on environmental reasons. Within this contingent most of the strongest objections have been levied by groups concerned with environmental sustainability as well as religious groups that object to genetic modification on moral grounds. Still, its clear a growing body of research has pointed to inviolable environmental concerns from implementing genetically modified crops. In this context of understanding, one of the predominant concerns is unintended harm to ring crops and organisms. For instance, a recent study indicated that, pollen from B.t. corn caused high mortality rates in monarch womanize caterpillars (Transgenic Pollen, pg. 214). While this study was not conducted in natural conditions, other researchers have argued similar contentions. In these regards, its been noted that pollen and other genetically modified crop outgrowth holds a strong potential for counterpane to surrounding areas and detrimentally affecting the life-cycle of a variety of organisms. another(prenominal) prominent environmental concern link to the use of genetically modified crops is the reported potential of gene-transfer to non-target species. Essentially this concern indicates that crops that have been genetically modified for stringent confrontation to weather conditions or other areas of detriment will transfer their crop resistance to less desirable outgrowth. For instance, crop plants engineered for weed killer tolerance and weeds will cross-breed, resulting in the transfer of the herbicide resistance genes from the crops into the weeds. These superweeds would then be herbicide tolerant as well (W hitman). These concerns have emerged in a number of real-world contexts, with lawsuits emerging in situations where adjacent genetically modified crop-land have reportedly infected non-modified crops. Another prominent concern in this area of understanding is the worry of the reduced effectiveness of fellaicides. This concern takes a variety of forms as farmers of non-genetically modified crops worry that new species of insects might emerge in response to genetically modified crops that are then entirely resistant to traditional forms of pesticides. While there have been a variety of proposed solutions to the above mentioned environmental concerns, its clear that at least in the present expert environment they remain viable worries for farmers not directly involved in the production of genetically modified strains of crop. Even as substantial environmental objections exist to genetically modified crops, researchers note that there is gigantic environmental support for this mode o f agricultural production. One of the major noted environmental benefits for farmers is the increased pest resistance of genetically modified crops. One of the primary areas where such genetic modification has had a dreaded impact on farming is in developing regions. In these areas, agricultural production does not solely function as a means of economic profit, but is oftentimes intimately linked to the population

Organisation, People and Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organisation, People and Performance - Essay ExampleThis refers to a measure of the ability to recognize, manage and judge emotions. The test base on four key elements the ability of the candidate to recognize his make and other people emotions, generating and using emotions in solving problems, understanding emotions and the changes in emotions and the ability to manage both his own and other people emotions. Several methods that may include test questions can help achieve the fair game (Hough 1984).These are assessments employed to measure a number of mental capabilities like mathematical and verbal ability, lore reading and reasoning ability (Hunter 1986). They comprise of multiple choice objects administered through a paper or computer. The total score of the candidate represents the true measure of his mental ability in performing the job. It is assertable to design the exercise to measure one character after the other and then summing up the closing score at the end.1.6 Biographical dataThese tests deal with the background of the candidate, interests and personal characteristics. This relies on the belief that past procedure is the most significant predictor of future performance. It concerns the manner the candidate performed in the past in the areas relate to the management task (Shoenfeldt 1999). For example, the number of volunteer activities the candidate participated in the past provides a measure of his willingness to volunteer. In addition, the test reveals the candidates independence and responsibility.

NURSING HEART FAILURE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

NURSING HEART FAILURE - Essay ExampleA diastolic nucleus failure is characterized by the impairment of filling capacity of the heart ventricles and no change in the exclusion fraction. Congestive rawness failure is characterized by circulatory congestion and resulting transudation, particularly in the pulmonary tissue. Decompensated philia failure is an exacerbated heart failure usually due to the non compliance of the patient to pharmacotherapy or suggested behavioral modifications. Symptoms of heart failure include dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea and history of dropsy (Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network, 2009). The symptoms of heart failure depend upon the side of the affected ventricle. If the right ventricle is affected, symptoms will include peripheral oedema that involves thighs, sacrum and abdominal walls, ascites, anorexia, engorgement of facial veins, tricuspid regurgitation that manifests as pulsations in neck and face, epistaxis and depression . If the left ventricle is involved, the symptoms include dyspnea, impaired exercise tolerance, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, nocturnal cough with or without pink frothy sputum, cold peripheries, cardiac asthma and muscle wasting. The lifetime risk of developing heart failure in an otherwise healthy 40-year old individual is approximately 1 in 5 in the ordinary population (Djousse, 2009). The prevalence of this affection is rising across the world and this places an extra burden on the healthcare systems. While pharmacotherapies are very substantial, heart failure patients benefit greatly from the behavioral modifications that are a part of standard counseling sessions. This is where the nursing staff plays a key role in managing the patient. disclose 2- consider an individual who has the diagnosis of heart failure. Discuss how the nurse can enable the patient to rat alterations to his/her lifestyle to improve his/her health. Within your discussion you should exami ne the use of relevant models/theories that can improve the border of behavior change. Introduction Chronic heart failure has multiple risk factors and the number of patients suffering from degenerative heart failure is increasing by the hour. While genetic propensity in the development of cardiovascular affection is currently under a lot of light, the elimination of risk factors has shown to prevent heart disease and delay the onset of disease in patients with a genetic tendency towards heart failure. These factors include alcoholic drink consumption, smoking tobacco, inactive lifestyle, high intake of food rich in salts and animal fat and stress. The disease may be further aggravated by non-compliance to pharmacotherapy. None of these factors are isolated factors and one mortal may be ex directd to more than one or all of these factors. What is even more important is the fact that these factors, as harmful as they are, are socially accepted activities and therefore, it is imp erative to derive a policy and structure that not only deals with this acceptance while making people aware of the hazards that these factors pose but also to take steps that translate into optimal behavioral changes that lead to better cardiac health. Behavioral change theories have been gaining a lot of importance when it comes to planning and implementing public policies as swell up as designing programs that maximize the number of beneficiaries in the shortest possible time. These theories

Discussion Topic -Forum for Current Events Article

Discussion Topic -Forum for Current Events - Article ExampleFacebook itself had also verbalize its displeasure, noting that it explicitly bans fake profiles on its site, (BBC News). By any standard, this case constitutes a tribute breach since the plaintiff did not consent to the creation of a fake Facebook page.In as far as security planning and risk assessment are concerned, it can be noted that the US Justice section erred by creating a fake Facebook account thought they had a noble intention for doing that. Drug vending is a serious crime but this should not be taken as a valuation reserve to breach the security concerns of other people. In such a case, it is imperative for the responsible authorities to right on plan their strategies they would use in carrying out investigations relating to this case without posing a security risk to the deuce-ace party involved. In order to avoid the scenario highlighted above, it is important to carryout risk assessment of the course of action seeming to be taken in order to avoid complications with regards to security

Benefits of Flexibility Development Training Research Paper

Benefits of Flexibility Development Training - Research Paper ExampleAn supporter can only develop his or her flexibility if he or she trains regularly. The primary purpose of training is that it serve ups the athletic supporter move his or her joint via its complete range of motion. Flexibility is arguably the most super adaptable fitness that helps the athlete improve his or motion in athletics activities. Past studies destine that the more an athlete carries out flexibility programs in the training reduces the incidence of injuries (Flexibility Exercises for Young Athletes-OrthoInfo - AAOS, 2017). This is collectible to the increased ability to move unimpeded via a broader range of motion. But it is worth to note that an athlete should not carry out an excessive or unstable range of motion during flexibility programs to overturn the likelihood of getting injured. If an athlete carries out appropriate flexibility training, he or she can release more in tune with his or body . Additionally, it helps an athlete form an active relaxation which can help improve both physical and mental recovery.

Qatars Government as an Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Qatars Government as an Organization - Essay ExampleQatar adopt a new constitution in 2005, which provides limited but substantive freedom of democracy to the commonwealths citizens. Its giving medication structure comprises of ministries, national councils and different relevant government agencies. According to Khurana (2013), Emir of the call down is the head of cabinet and stands as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In Qatar, Emir is authorise with the mandate to appoint ministers and other senior officials within government institutions. Within the nations governance structure is a peak minister, whose duty includes supervision and coordination of efforts from the different branches of government. According to Luthans (2013), ministers are charged with the duty of planning and executing humans policies and national programs. In the recent past, Qatar staged a government restructuring run on its ministries and supreme councils. natural ontogeny within the r estructuring process included modernization of governance through with(predicate) integration of technological systems, and grooming of clear, non ambiguous mandates for each ministry. This process aimed at facilitating realization of outcome-based governance and informed decision making processes. senior(a) management within the nation realized the need to adopt structures that will fast-track institutional reforms and national development. This was in line with the countrys national vision for the year 2030, which strives towards improved social, economic and political development. Ornstein (2011) blaspheme that specific provisional objectives of the vision include enhanced capacity and transparency within the public sector, and development of appropriate... The country is currently headed by Sheik bin Khalifa with a title of The Emir, which simply means a ruler or a king. According to Khurana (2013), Qatar is an oil rich country with about 70% of the plebeian national income attributed to the oil business. Qatar adopted a new constitution in 2005, which provides limited but significant freedom of democracy to the nations citizens. Its government structure comprises of ministries, national councils and other relevant government agencies. According to Khurana (2013), Emir of the state is the head of cabinet and stands as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In Qatar, Emir is entitled with the mandate to appoint ministers and other senior officials within government institutions. Within the nations governance structure is a prime minister, whose duty includes supervision and coordination of efforts from the different branches of government. According to Luthans (2013), ministers are charged with the responsibility of planning and executing public policies and national programs. In the recent past, Qatar staged a government restructuring exercise on its ministries and supreme councils. Typical development within the restructuring process included mo dernization of governance through integration of technological systems, and formulation of clear, non ambiguous mandates for each ministry. In addition, the vision seeks to create a sustainable business environment accompanied by substantial space for civil rights.

Organic farming overview in Australia Assignment

Organic set uping overview in Australia - Assignment sampleThe second set of methods to control weeds, pests and diseases include apparel rotation determination of natural pesticides careful crop choice and planning increase of genetic diversity white plague of resistant crops engage good nuance practices and encourage important pest-eating predators. Lastly, fundamental farming also entails good animal husbandry and the careful use of pissing resources (Rigby & Caceres, 2001). Organic farming provides long-term benefits to the environment and people, which represents the main aim of engaging in organic farming. The first aim is increasing soil fertility in the long-term, and the use of organic materials helps strengthen the voltage of the soil. Second, organic farming helps control both diseases and pests without causing harm to the environment, while third, organic farming ensures that the water used remains safe and clean for consumption (Rigby & Caceres, 2001). ... The essence is that organic farming has several benefits, particularly in terms of reduced costs (Rigby & Caceres, 2001). Organic farmers strive to do their best to produce victuals from the environment using systems that are close to those that naturally exist, and work on the premise of a closed agricultural circuit. For instance, soil fertility that results from manure use and the soil formation of the said organic issuance plays the role of a fertilisation agent by reducing the loss of nutrients and water, and lessening erosion (Taus, Ogneva-Himmelberger & Rogan, 2013). Furthermore, farm inputs such as fodder and manure should in principle be produced within the farm or the neighbouring ones so that the need for external inputs is reduced. In essence, the use of hand works as opposed to mechanization has reduced environmental effects, for instance the practice of mechanical control of weeds as opposed to the use of herbicides (Taus, Ogneva-Himmelberger & Rogan, 2013). Organic f arming greatly contributes to sustainable development, coupled with increased economic activities with some important added value. scientific papers have been written the world over concerning organic farming, and the statistics they provide show an increased glitz of global sales of organic food and drink. Research reveals there was a 43% increase, equivalent to USD25.5 billion, in the midst of 2002 and 2005 (Taus, Ogneva-Himmelberger & Rogan, 2013). Despite the fact that organic farming is practised in a number of countries, studies show that uptake is concentrated in North America and Europe, and they also stand out as areas with greater put out and demand. According to the World of Organic

New Business Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

New Business Development - Essay Example non-homogeneous strengths and weaknesses of the organization slang been identified which ar internal to the organizations environment. The opportunities and threats which are probable to seem in near future have in addition been identified through analytical processes. These opportunities and threats are out-of-door to the organizations environment. The management and operational plan of the organization has been developed considering all of the essential aspects which are required under the respective plans. To give victorian attention to the financial aspect of the tune proper financial planning has been provided which describes the initial costs which are required to initiate the business operations. To keep the business operations on a safer side and to resist the failure of the plans additional contingency plan has besides been developed through a critical analysis of all the aspect of the business and its environment. Proper appe ndices have been provided in the end of the report to support the analytical approach for the development of the business plan.Perfect cleansing and Shopping (PCS) is involved into the business of providing quality services of cleaning and shopping assistance to its customers. The confederation in the first place focuses on providing cleaning services which is considered as the primary service offered by the company. Additionally the company also includes innovative service of providing assistance in the shopping to its customer at flexible service hours of the company.The company Perfect Cleaning and Shopping is a sole proprietorship company with a centralized leave alonepower structure. The company has a future plan to bring out its public offerings provided the company achieves its predetermined milestones which will support the organization in further expansion activities. The company has a hierarchical organizational

Legislative Aspects of Nursing informatics Coursework

Legislative Aspects of treat informatics - Coursework Examplevent that the breach involves more than 500 patients, then it is imperative that the Department of wellness and Human Services (HHS) also fetch similar notification.Secondly, the act also establishes the necessity for health institutions finished HER system to make it possible for individuals to access their PHI in an electronic format. In line with this, the act establishes that those who receive incentives should ensure that the system is of meaningful use, failure to which results in withdrawal of the said incentives.The act has also condition that traffickers providing HER system directly qualify as business associates. To this end, the act intends to make it possible for more vendor/provider dialogue regarding matter of mutual interest, so that service provision becomes more effective.These reforms have potentiality impact in the bore of psychiatry. For instance, the act provides quality measure incentives throu gh the Maintenance of Certification plan (MOCP), (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2013). In addition to participation in MOCP for up to one year, the honor requires that physicians must submit data on quality measures through the MOCP under PQRI.McGinigle and Mastrian (2013) observe three local issues that are encountered in health informatics namely leadership challenges, limited functionality in clinical practice and education in terms of necessary competencies. Regarding leadership challenges, McGinigle and Mastrian note that there exists a knowledge hoo-ha within leadership in the sector, and more specific the nursing industry. IN the nursing context, the two claim that there is need for nurse leaders to acquire current skill set and knowledge that forget allow them to understand and adopt modern information technologies imperative to delivery of quality care. It is therefore primary(prenominal) for nurses and other medical practitioners alike to gain the necessary knowledge.On limited functionality in clinical practice, McGinigle

Case Study Analysis on Amazon.com Research Paper

mooring Study Analysis on Amazon.com - Research Paper ExampleDespite him having a degree in computer science, he had a vision to build a netpiece of work for international trade. In lights of this, Preston founded Amazon.com in 1994 as a website for international trading. Online Retailers and wholesalers as well as buyers and sellers met online globally. Amazon founders had a vision to bring about one of the worlds leading companies dealing with online trading. The management in Amazon.com sought to reduce nix environmental impacts as there was no physical contact between the traders. Amazon has operating scratch close to $52 trillion yearly. Amazon Company normally projects to make approximately $22 million to $2.2 billion within five years (World, 2007). Examining the business model they use, Amazon primarily switched to Linux as prime architecture. In addition, Amazon has lowered engine room expenses by about 20%. However, the decision to lower engineering science expenses has not profited Amazon as projected. Company Strategies and Customer Acquisition Considering the price, the strategies have changed over time. Amazon has adjust the prices through some(prenominal) policies for example, introduction of frustration free packaging. This policy is an initiative that is designed to simply make the customers who purchase goods online at different times of the year. The customers feel motivated when they buy two products for the price of one. another(prenominal) policy is the free packaging certification initiative for manufactures. Their products undergo free laboratory testing to pack certification. As a result, the certifications on their products increase the value and enable sales at high prices. However, the pricing of products sold at Amazon.com tend to be high hence attracts the upper class society and several middle class persons. Amazon.com customers argon mainly acquired through word of mouth through satisfied clients. much customers are venturing into online obtainping due to the fact that it is environmental friendly and efficient. Most customers are parents who are purchase gifts for their children and loved ones. Since Amazon began, it has existed under umpteen models over the years hence adopting other models can work in its favor. However, this provide affect the existing revenue steams. The major reason is the fact that obtaining new models leave behind change the technology used. On one hand, when the technology costs increase, the main revenue stream will decline while on the other hand, when the costs of technology decrease, the revenue increases. Challenges and Opportunities facing Amazon.com Amazons major competitors are mainly online shopping websites. Some of them include LL Bean, Electronic trade & Onlineshoppers companies (Night, 2004). The advantage that Amazon has over its competitors is the reliability. everywhere the years, Amazon has existed selling their products to many customers. Shoppi ng at Amazon has proved worthy over the many years of operation for online traders. One disadvantage is that a lot of competition has risen and the level of technology improved. In considering how Amazon.com has changed the trading industry, there is the belief that innovation has the power to change the world. It has raised interests to trade online (Grant, 2004). The necessity to begin trading online is the desire to shop in a whole new zone. Amazon is incessantly searching for new ways to improve its efficiency on behalf of its customers as well as individuals who shop on trading websites. There are merchants who sell on its

Multinational Corporations Essay Example for Free

Multi topic Corporations Essaytransnational societys shake up existed since the beginning of kayoedside(prenominal) trade. They have remained a part of the business scene throughout history, shiping their modern form in the 17th and 18th centuries with the creation of large, European-based monopolistic reverences much(prenominal) as the British East India Company during the get on of colonization. Multinational refers were viewed at that time as agents of civilization and played a pivotal role in the commercial and industrial development of Asia, South America, and Africa.By the end of the 19th century, advances in communications had more than(prenominal) than closely linked world markets, and transnational thrones retained their favorable image as instruments of improved world(prenominal) congenerics through commercial ties. The existence of close international trading relations did not foil the outbreak of two world wars in the first half of the twentieth cent ury, plainly an even more closely forswear world economy emerged in the aftermath of the period of conflict. In more young times, multinational corporations have grown in power and visibility, notwithstanding have come to be viewed more ambivalently by both g overnments and consumers worldwide.Indeed, multinationals today be viewed with increased suspicion inclined their perceived lack of concern for the economic well-being of particular geographic regions and the public impression that multinationals ar gaining power in relation to national establishment agencies, international trade federations and organizations, and local, national, and international constancy organizations. Despite such concerns, multinational corporations bug out poised to expand their power and influence as barriers to international trade continue to be removed.Furthermore, the factual genius and methods of multinationals be in large measure misunderstood by the public, and their long-term influe nce is probable to be less sinister than imagined. Multinational corporations sh atomic number 18 many common traits, including the methods they use to penetrate upstart markets, the manner in which their international subsidiaries are tied to their headquarters operations, and their interaction with national governmental agencies and national and international craunch organizations. WHAT IS A MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION? As the name implies, a multinational corporation is a business concern with operations in more than one country.These operations outside the companys fireside country may be linked to the rear by merger, operated as subsidiaries, or have colossal autonomy. Multinational corporations are sometimes perceived as large, utilitarian enterprises with little or no require for the social and economic well-being of the countries in which they operate, but the reality of their situation is more complicated. There are over 40,000 multinational corporations currently op erating in the global economy, in addition to approximately 250,000 overseas affiliates running cross-continental businesses.In 1995, the top 200 multinational corporations had combined sales of $7. 1 trillion, which is equivalent to 28. 3 percent of the worlds gross hearth(prenominal) intersection point. The top multinational corporations are headquartered in the United States, Western Europe, and japan they have the capacity to shape global trade, achievement, and financial transactions. Multinational corporations are viewed by many as favoring their home operations when making difficult economic decisions, but this tendency is declining as companies are obligate to respond to increasing global competition.The earth Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank are the terzetto institutions that underwrite the basic rules and regulations of economic, monetary, and trade relations between countries. Many development nations have loosene d trade rules under pressure from the IMF and the World Bank. The internal financial markets in these countries have not been developed and do not have appropriate laws in perplex to enable domestic financial institutions to stand up to foreign competition.The administrative setup, judicial systems, and law-enforcing agencies generally cannot guarantee the social match and political stability that are necessary in order to support a growth-friendly atmosphere. As a result, most multinational corporations are investing in certain geographic locations only when. In the 1990s, most foreign investment was in high-income countries and a few geographic locations in the South like East Asia and Latin America. According to the World Banks 2002 World Development Indicators, there are 63 countries considered to be low-income countries.The share of these low-income countries in which foreign countries are making direct investments is very small it rose from 0. 5 percent 1990 to only 1. 6 percent in 2000. Although foreign direct investment in growing countries rose easily in the 1990s, not all developing countries benefited from these investments. Most of the foreign direct investment went to a very small number of lower and upper middle income developing countries in East Asia and Latin America. In these countries, the rate of economic growth is increasing and the number of people living at poverty direct is falling.However, there are unagitated nearly 140 developing countries that are showing very vague growth rates while the 24 richest, developed countries (plus another 10 to 12 stark nakedly modify countries) are benefiting from most of the economic growth and prosperity. Therefore, many people in the developing countries are still living in poverty. Similarly, multinational corporations are viewed as being exploitative of both their workers and the local environment, given their relative lack of association with any given locality.This criticism of multin ationals is valid to a point, but it moldiness be remembered that no corporation can success profusey operate without regard to local social, labor, and environmental standards, and that multinationals in large measure do conform to local standards in these regards. Multinational corporations are also seen as acquiring too much political and economic power in the modern business environment. Indeed, corporations are able to influence public policy to some degree by threatening to move jobs overseas, but companies are often prevented from employing this tactic given the need for highly trained workers to produce many harvests.such(prenominal) workers can seldom be found in low-wage countries. Furthermore, once they enter a market, multinationals are bound by the same constraints as domestically owned concerns, and find it difficult to abandon the infrastructure they produced to enter the market in the first place. The modern multinational corporation is not necessarily headquartered in a wealthy nation. Many countries that were recently classified as part of the developing world, including Brazil, Taiwan, Kuwait, and Venezuela, are now home to large multinational concerns. The days of collective colonization seem to be nearing an end.Multinational corporations follow three general procedures when seeking to access new markets merger with or direct acquisition of existing concerns incidental market introduction and joint ventures. Merger or direct acquisition of existing companies in a new market is the most straightforward method of new market penetration employed by multinational corporations. Such an entry, known as foreign direct investment, allows multinationals, especially the larger ones, to take full advantage of their size and the economies of scale that this provides.The rash of mergers within the global automotive industries during the late 1990s are illustrative of this method of gaining access to new markets and, significantly, were made in respo nse to increased global competition. Multinational corporations also make use of a procedure known as sequential market entry when seeking to penetrate a new market. Sequential market entry often also includes foreign direct investment, and involves the establishment or acquisition of concerns operating in niche markets related to to the parent companys product lines in the new country of operation.Japans Sony Corporation made use of sequential market entry in the United States, beginning with the establishment of a small television assembly plant in San Diego, California, in 1972. For the next two years, Sonys U. S. operations remained confined to the manufacture of televisions, the parent companys leading product line. Sony branched out in 1974 with the creation of a magnetic tape plant in Dothan, Alabama, and expanded further by opening an audio equipment plant in Delano, Pennsylvania, in 1977.After a period of consolidation brought on by an unfavorable exchange rate between the yen and dollar, Sony continued to expand and diversify its U. S. operations, adding facilities for the production of computer displays and data storage systems during the 1980s. In the 1990s, Sony further diversified it U. S. facilities and now also produces semiconductors and personal telecommunications products in the United States. Sonys example is a classic case of a multinational using its core product line to defeat native competition and lay the foundation for the sequential expansion of corporate activities into related areas.Finally, multinational corporations often access new markets by creating joint ventures with firms already operating in these markets. This has especially been the case in countries formerly or presently under communist rule, including those of the former Soviet Union, east Europe, and the Peoples Republic of China. In such joint ventures, the venture partner in the market to be entered retains ample or even complete autonomy, while realizing the ad vantages of technology transfer and management and production expertise from the parent concern.The establishment of joint ventures has often proved awkward in the long run for multinational corporations, which are possible to find their venture partners are formidable competitors when a more direct penetration of the new market is attempted. Multinational corporations are thus able to penetrate new markets in a categorisation of ways, which allow existing concerns in the market to be accessed a varying degree of autonomy and maneuver over operations.While no one doubts the economic success and pervasiveness of multinational corporations, their motives and actions have been called into question by social welfare, environmental tax shelter, and labor organizations and government agencies worldwide. National and international labor unions have expressed concern that multinational corporations in economically developed countries can avoid labor negotiations by simply sorrowful the ir jobs to developing countries where labor personifys are markedly less.Labor organizations in developing countries face the communion of the same problem, as they are usually obliged to negotiate with the national subsidiary of the multinational corporation in their country, which is usually willing to negotiate contract terms only on the basis of domestic wage standards, which may be well below those in the parent companys country. Offshore outsourcing, or offshoring, is a term used to describe the practice of using cheap foreign labor to manufacture goods or provide services only to sell them back into the domestic marketplace.Today, many Americans are bear on nearly the issue of whether American multinational companies will continue to export jobs to cheap overseas labor markets. In the fall of 2003, the University of California-Berkeley showed that as many as 14 million American jobs were potentially at lay on the line over the next decade. In 2004, the United States face d a half-trillion-dollar trade deficit, with a surplus in services. Opponents of offshoring claim that it takes jobs away from Americans, while also increasing the imbalance of trade.When foreign companies set up operations in America, they usually sell the products manufactured in the U. S. to American consumers. However, when U. S. companies source jobs to cheap overseas labor markets, they usually sell the goods they produce to Americans, rather than to the consumers in the country in which they are made. In 2004, the states of Illinois and Tennessee passed enactment aimed at alteration offshoring in 2005, another 16 states considered bills that would limit state aid and tax breaks to firms that outsource abroad.Insourcing, on the other hand, is a term used to describe the practice of foreign companies employing U. S. workers. Foreign automakers are among the largest insourcers. Many non-U. S. auto manufacturers have built plants in the United States, thus ensuring access to A merican consumers. car manufacturers such as Toyota now make approximately one third of its profits from U. S. car sales. kind welfare organizations are similarly concerned about the actions of multinationals, which are presumably less interested in social matters in countries in which they maintain subsidiary operations.Environmental fortress agencies are equally concerned about the activities of multinationals, which often maintain environmentally hazardous operations in countries with minimal environmental protection statutes. Finally, government agencies fear the growing power of multinationals, which once again can use the threat of removing their operations from a country to secure favorable regulation and legislation. All of these concerns are valid, and abuses have undoubtedly occurred, but many forces are also at work to keep multinational corporations from wielding unlimited power over even their own operations.Increased consumer awareness of environmental and social is sues and the impact of commercial activity on social welfare and environmental quality have abundantly influenced the actions of all corporations in recent years, and this trend shows every sign of continuing. Multinational corporations are constrained from moving their operations into areas with excessively low labor costs given the relative lack of skilled laborers available for work in such areas.Furthermore, the sensibility of the modern consumer to the plight of individuals in countries with repressive governments mitigates the removal of multinational business operations to areas where legal protection of workers is minimal. Examples of consumer reaction to unpopular action by multinationals are plentiful, and include the outcry against the use of sweatshop labor by Nike and activism against operations by the Shell Oil Company in Nigeria and PepsiCo in Myanmar (formerly Burma) due to the repressive nature of the governments in those countries.Multinational corporations are a lso constrained by consumer attitudes in environmental matters. Environmental disasters such as those which occurred in Bhopal, India (the explosion of an unsafe chemical plant operated by Union Carbide, resulting in great loss of life in surrounding areas) and Prince William Sound, Alaska (the rupture of a single-hulled tanker, the Exxon Valdez, causing an environmental catastrophe) led to invariant bad publicity for the corporations involved and continue to serve as a reminder of the long-term cost in consumer approval of ignoring environmental, labor, and safety concerns.Similarly, consumer awareness of global issues lessens the power of multinational corporations in their dealings with government agencies. International conventions of governments are also able to regulate the activities of multinational corporations without fear of economic reprisal, with examples including the 1987 Montreal Protocol limiting global production and use of chlorofluorocarbons and the 1989 Basel C onvention regulating the treatment of and trade in chemical wastes.In fact, despite worries over the impact of multinational corporations in environmentally sensitive and economically developing areas, the corporate social performance of multinationals has been surprisingly favorable to date. The activities of multinational corporations encourage technology transfer from the developed to the developing world, and the wages paid to multinational employees in developing countries are generally above the national average.When the actions of multinationals do cause a loss of jobs in a given country, it is often the case that another multinational will move into the resulting vacuum, with little net loss of jobs in the long run. Subsidiaries of multinationals are also likely to adhere to the corporate standard of environmental protection even if this is more stringent than the regulations in place in their country of operation, and so in most cases create less pollution than similar indi genous industries.

Congestive Heart Disease Essay Example for Free

congestive Heart Disease EssayThe main function of a healthy marrow squash is to ensure squ ar-toed declension f let loose throughout the eubstance and supplying all the organs with the nutrients that ar necessary for survival. congestive kernel failure (CHF) is too cognise as congestive nitty-gritty sickness, but for this paper we allow use failure, Consistent with the research. Congestive heart failure is a disease that primarily attains the heart to be compromised. This leaves the heart unable to perform the main function of pumping pitch throughout the corpse to maintain homeostasis. Congestive heart failure affects mostly individuals 65 years and older however it female genitalia happen at any time. Anderson, et al 2010).According to Goldberg Konstam, It is also one of the most common forms of heart disease. Approximately 4. 9 million Americans suffer from CHF, with about 400,000 new cases diagnosed annually. (as cited in Mithal, Mann, Stone, 2002, p. 46). Pr razetion methods ar important reckons for avoiding this disease. There are several treatments available for congestive heart failure that focus on reducing fluids from the trunk to draw congestion from the heart or reduce slant bosom in the arteries. The heart can be described as muscular pump its primary function is to pump blood. The heart consists of quaternion bedchambers.The upper two chambers are called the atriums and the subvert two chambers are called the ventricles. As the heart contracts, blood is pumped through the body with the assistance of four heart valves. Blood that is low in oxygen flows back to the heart after circulating through the body. The blood enters through veins and enters the right atrium. This chamber empties blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle continues to pump the blood under low pressure through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery. The blood is now directed to the lungs where it gets fresh oxygen.After the blood is oxygenized, the blood go away control a bright red appearance, and it is now considered sizable with oxygen. The blood forget now return to the left heart through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium. From there it passes through the mitral valve and enters the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood out through the aortic valve into the aorta. The aorta takes blood to the bodys general circulation. Congestive heart failure is the inability of the heart to sufficiently supply the body with oxygenated rich blood adequately. The hearts primary function is to move blood throughout a network of vessels.The blood provides the cells of the body with oxygen and nutrients needed while also removing waste products of the body and releasing carbon dioxide. variety meat such as the brain, liver, lungs, intestines and kidneys are also compromised. When the weakened brawninesss of the heart is unable to supply the kidneys with the ne cessary fare of money of blood the kidneys are compromised. The kidneys are now unable to perform their function of excreting sodium and water. This causes the body to retain fluid, which directly affects the lungs. The lungs now become congested with fluids known as pulmonary edema.The liver is in addition bear on with the accumulation of fluids due to the inability to fall wastes. This causes a huge accumulation of toxins in the body. The intestines allow also be affected and will not be able to absorb the necessary nutrients for everyday function. Without treatment CHF will eventually corrupt and attack every organ of the body. Common symptoms include sum up legs or ankles and difficulty schnorkeling. Weight gain is often seen due to the accumulations of fluid deep down the body. (American Heart Association, 2010 Anderson, et al 2010). There are several factors that commonly contribute to congestive heart failure.Coronary heart disease is an accumulation of plaque ch airing in a narrowing or hardening of the arteries that supplies blood to the heart muscle known as the myocardium. This is the most common type of heart disease dissolventing in the leading cause of death for men and women in the United States. (MedlinePlus, 2010). another(prenominal) factor is hypertension (high blood pressure), which refers to high pressure found in the arteries. Approximately one in three adults in the United States (73 million people) are estimated by The American Heart Association (2010) to be diagnosed with high blood pressure.A myocardial infarction, producing a thick scar tissue and interfering with the heart muscles normal function is another factor which could result in a heart attack. Heart valve disease has been linked to congestive heart failure as well. This could be a result of an outbreak of rheumatic fever or some other causes. Another factor contributing to congestive heart failure would be an infection of the heart lining known as endocarditis c ausing damage to the heart valves or possibly a myocardium of the heart known as myocarditis. Other common causes are alcohol and drug abuse, arrhythmias, obesity, ardiomyopathy and congenital heart defects. (American Heart Association, 2010).There are several ways to prevent congestive heart failure. Diet management is a key factor in securing a future without congestive heart failure. Maintaining a proper diet is crucial. Being big(a) will act as a burden to the heart causing it to work harder to pump blood throughout the body. It is necessary to reduce sodium intake to avoid retaining fluids. The next step would be to increase potassium intake. Individuals who shed congestive heart failure are usually prescribed diuretics to assistance excrete fluids causing a loss of potassium.Potassium can be found in green leather-leaved vegetables and most fruits, particularly bananas, oranges, and dried fruit. Other factors for congestive heart failure prevention would involve exercise, no smoking and limited alcohol consumption. (Health-cares, 2010). There are many factors used for treatment for congestive heart failure. Various drugs are incorporated into treatment for congestive heart failure. The uses of drugs are mean for reducing fluids within the body or to reduce blood pressure in the arteries of the body. Typical drugs used for treatment are Ace inhibitors, beta-blockers, digitalis, diuretics and vasodilators.Beta-blockers are intended to improve function for the left lower ventricular pumps. Diuretics are intended to assist in eliminating products that primarily contribute to congestion such as salt and water. Digitalis serves a very important role in strengthening the heart so it can serve as a more(prenominal) efficient, reliable, and effective pump. Treatment may involve surgery if the failure is a result of a poor functioning heart valve. Surgery could involve repair or replacement of a heart valve or in drastic cases, replacement of the heart itsel f.General treatment will also consist of exercise, weight loss, rest and specific attention to maintaining a suitable diet plan. (American Heart Association, 2010). The figure Framework of a person that has congestive heart failure is greatly affected. Individuals must reduce the amount of exertion on their bodies to prevent over stimulating the heart. The limitations caused by the failure make performing even routine tasks more difficult. Some of the activities of daily living (ADLs) that this individual might have issues with might be, get dressed and undressed, toileting, personal hygiene, laving and eating.Some Instrumental ctivities of daily living (IADLs) that might be affected could include preparing meals, winning medications, shopping (food or clothes), using the phone, house work, managing money and bills. As an Occupational healer (OT), One can educate patient/individual on the importance of reduced fluids and stress will make for a better heart and a fitter individu al. The individual needs to learn that drink or chewing on an ice cube is better than drinking a glass of water. collect to the increasing amount of fluids the medications are trying to get out of the body, drinking would be just adding more to the body and also adding more tress on the body. The roles/routines/habits will have to change because of the congestive heart failure and how the individual now has to take it slower and easier to get the job done. OT addresses any shortness of breath (SOB) and fatigue that might accrue during any of their daily living activities, routines, habits ect. Individuals learn to use adaptive equipment to help decrease the energy used to get the job done.Examples would consist of using a shower sooner of a tub (if applicable), have grab bars inside and outside the shower, have a bath bench/chair with a authorize-held shower head and a long handled sponge for easier athing. little bending over for easier dressing/undressing by using open front g arments with liberations/snaps, using a button hook if need be use a dressing stick to put on lower extremities (LE) garments. Use a lighter comforter for less weight use a step movement to reach things to reduce straining.Keep the house cooler and if the patient/individual is SOB outside have a portable pocket hand held fan/fan with mister. To reduce strain and stress have a garbage can with wheels would be very useful. One more example might be to have a recliner to keep legs up as well as change positions oftentimes for circulation. OTs also each how to break down the tasks into small components to make the task at hand more manageable.For instance washout is a big task for anyone, so instead of doing all the laundry in one day, do smaller consignments spread out or one load a day. Pull the laundry out of the drier and hang it up as soon as laundry is done to save the wrinkles and then having to iron in addition too. Use lighter pots and pans to ready with. Having the appli ances at arms length, waist level, within easy to reach to help with saving body energy. OTs do whatever it takes to get the individual back to independently living a healthier life to the best of their ability.Congestive heart failure is a condition that needs to be specifically addressed and treated. The condition can be managed by complying with lifestyle changes, following a treatment plan, and taking prescribed medications. Without following a treatment plan the disease will consume the organs of the body causing irreversible damage. It is important to be aware of limitations concerning the disease to avoid over exertion which can be fatal. Early intervention in the treatment of Congestive heart failure is crucial in providing the best outcome. (Ciccone, 2007).

Civil engineering Essay Example for Free

well-behaved plan EssayIn modern usage, courteous engine room is a broad field of engineering that deals with the planning, construction, and aliment of fixed structures, or public works, as they are related to earth, water, or well-behavedization and their processes. See likewiseEarth ClimateGeochemistryEnvironmental ScienceGeologyMatter EnergyCivil designEngineeringEngineering and ConstructionMost civil engineering today deals with power plants, bridges, roads, railways, structures, water supply, irrigation, environmental, sewer, flood control, transportation, telecommunications and traffic. In essence, civil engineering may be regarded as the profession that makes the world a more(prenominal) agreeable agency in which to live. Engineering has developed from observations of the ways natural and constructed systems react and from the development of empirical equations that provide bases for design. Civil engineering is the broadest of the engineering fields, partly b ecause it is the oldest of all engineering fields. In fact, engineering was once divided into wholly two fields, military and civil.Civil engineering is still an umbrella term, comprised of many related specialities. For more entropy about the topic Civil engineering, learn the full article at Wikipedia.org, or see the chase related articles Traffic engineering (transportation) Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods. ..Related StoriesResearchers Building Lightweight Bridge For The twenty-first Century (January 28, 1999) The bridge of the 21st century wont be made of cover and steel, but of strong, lightweight materials equipped with electronic and optical sensors that warn engineers of any potential read more Wireless Nano Sensors Could prevent Bridges, Buildings (April 12, 2010) Could inexpensivewireless sensors based on nanotechnology be used to alert engineers to problematic cracks and damage to buildings, bridges, and another(prenominal) structures before they become critical? A read more NSF Funds First Phase Of seism Network (September 7, 2000) The National Science Foundation (NSF) has awarded $300,000 to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to design a national online network that allow for transform earthquake engineering read more Wind Expert Cites Poor Building Practices In Connection With Storm Deaths And Destruction (March 4, 1998) National wind expert Dr. Peter Sparks, a professor of civil engineering and engineering mechanics at Clemson University, cites poor practices in connection with last weeks tornado-related death read more Quicky Assembled Bamboo Bridge, Strong Enough For Trucks, Opens In China (December 18, 2007) In China, bamboo is used for furniture, artwork, building scaffolding, panels for concrete casting and now, truck bridges. The sustainable design is the first of its kind the 10-meter span i n Hunan read more

Hills Like White Elephants Essay Example for Free

Hills Like White Elephants Es affirmErnest Hemingways short story Hills Like White Elephants touches on an issue people digest faced in the past and continues today communication problems in a affinity. The ability to communicate your feelings to a nonher person during complicated multiplication reveals the true strength in a relationship. Hemingway tells his story through conversations between the two main characters, the American and the girl, named Jig. The characters face the harsh reality of an unlooked-for pregnancy and conflict is created through their dialogue. Their obstacle is complicated by their inability to deliver their differing opinions to each other. The checks failure to communicate their opinions straightforward turns the conversation into a tactic of valetipulation. On the surface, it seems the American is the genius doing the handling and laborious to persuade the girl to have the abortion, but when Jigs dialogue is looked closer, its clear that she p articipates in sweating to control the conversation, as well. Regardless of who is more successful, their relationship is damaged forever.To begin, the soldiery does not compulsion to be forced to deal with the complications of starting a family and giving up his lifestyle of travelling. He wants the girl to have an abortion, but he wants her to feel like the decision she makes is that of her own. The truth is he believes and knows his delivery volition play a huge influence on her decision. After a few drinks, the mankind brings up the sensitive issue to the girl by choosing his words carefully Its re exclusivelyy an dreadfully simple operation (Hemingway 133). The man tries pushing the issue further by inserting his own judgment and secure her that they just let the air in and then its all perfectly natural (133).His manipulation can be seen clearly when he suggests The baffles the altogether function that bothers us (133). It is clear that their relationship has not be en the same since hearing news to the highest degree the mar. I pretend she begins to realize that she is left with the select between having the gratify or being with him, which could be depicted when she put her hand out and took bring in of two of the strings beads, referring to only two people being able to be together her and the botch or her and the man. The man is similarly planting the idea into the girls mind that he wants her to have a say in the matter and to soften its impact.Youve got to realize that I wear downt want you to do it if you dont want to. Im perfectly volitioning to go through with it if it means anything to you (134). Yet, when asked if the baby means anything to him, the man replies, I dont want anyone else. In this line the American is referring to the baby in the girls womb and is saying that he wants only her. While its implications are insensitive, the man believes he is harmonic to the girls desire for a man devoted to her. Instead of tell ing Jig that he does not want a baby to complicate their lives, the man tries to make it seem like an abortion is the best thing for the couple through his careful manipulation.The mans manipulation is very noticeable, but he is not the only one who can play that game. On the surface, the girl appears helpless and dependent, but if viewed from a distinct perspective she could be seen as manipulative. Hemingway names her the girl to portray her as somebody who is naive and immature. She appears to be dependent on the man by asking him questions such as, What should we drink? (132) or What does it say? (132). However, she is frequently smarter than she may seem and communicates her feelings through indirect ways without being offensive to the older man.During their conversation about the drinks tasting like licorice, the girl comments, Everything tastes of licorice. Especially all the things youve waited so long for, like absinthe (132). She is trying to show her frustration towards the man in a subtle way. Her frustration is built on the event that, despite always wishing for a baby, she might not have that chance anymore if she decides to have the abortion. The girl also makes it aware that her frustration runs deeper into their relationship. Upon trying a new drink, Jig questions their life, Thats all we do, isnt it look at things and try new drinks?She uses all in a desperate attempt to show the man that she is bored of her life and their relationship, which Bauer suggests does not seem to be moving into any large-hearted of commitment (Bauer), that she deeply wants. As the man suggests that everything will be better after the abortion, The girl reacts, And you think then that well be alright and be happy (133). Without the man even realizing, the girl, to me, has gone from un consequence to certainty because she did not have to ask the question, already knowing that, as Bauer suggests, Whatever they do about the baby, they will not go back to where the y were (Bauer).The girl seems to be in control of the conversation and in solution to the mans claim Ive known lots of people that have done it (133), she offers sarcasm, And afterwards they were all so happy. The girl realizes that the man is clueless and will never understand. She realizes that she does not have a real decision in her abortion, feeling that the man has already made the decision for her. To compensate for her need of autonomy, she wants to make the man feel guilty for making her have the abortion, so she tells him, then Ill do it. Because I dont care about me (134).Jill grows more explicit to her refusal, as she repeats several times No we cant (134), ironically refuting his agreement of her own sarcastic statement, We can have everything (134). The man fails to understand her point of view and when Jill points out that once they take it away, you never get it back (134), the man thinks she is talking about their world of travelling, proving his ignorance and se lfish desire to hang on to that.Yet if the girl carries the baby to term, the steady sex life that the American has enjoyed will come to an end Not only will he have to forego sex during her pregnancy, but he will also have to react for time to have sex with the girl once the babofy is born. Regardless of how seriously the American would take his responsibilities as a father, simply having the baby living with the girl at home would remind the American that he can no longer enjoy the fairly carefree lifestyle that he and the girl guide prior to the babys birth. In a sense, he would be entering adult life a endorsement time.Another aspect of youth that the American relives is traveling. In looking at the bags with labels from all the hotels where they had spent nights (Hemingway 76), he is not only thinking of their lovemaking but also of the different places they have been to. Not only is the American sleeping with a young woman but he is also taking her to limitless different ci ties. The man and the girl are vagrants with money, seeing the world as if there were nothing else for them to do.This vagrancy also serves the purpose of masking the fact that the American is not moving quickly from one woman to otherindeed, that he cannot do so. Instead of moving between partners, he is moving between cities and countries. Were the girl to wee-wee birth to the baby, though, this traveling would likely be forced to stopand even if the couple could still go to different places, they would either have to take the baby with them or find someone to leave it with.In observing the girls willingness to carry their baby to term, he sees that she is ready to grow up, to take on responsibility, to settle down.

Everest report Essay Example for Free

Everest report EssayThis report provides an in-depth synopsis of the two Everest Simulations conducted by Group 10 of MGMT1001 Thursday Tutorial. This task required students to form teams consisting of five to sextette members whose goals were to summit Mount Everest. While it provided us with a rich experience in team dynamics and collaboration, it besides enabled us to explore key managerial concepts taught in the course, consisting of CommunicationGroups and TeamsLeadershipIn this report, we run across the effectiveness of Face to Face Communication (FTFC) versus Computer Mediated Communication (CMC), and the problems encountered by means of the utilisation of the practical(prenominal) medium including efficiency of the feedback system, loss of personal focus and other emergent issues. It includes personal reflections on attitudes and perceptions, as well as group performance and strategies adopted in the second Simulation in rove to create a more positive team experi ence.Theories which relate to interpersonal communication have also been integrated in the report to illustrate its relation to certain situations encountered during the Simulation. Additionally, we provide a multifaceted analysis on the notion of team cohesiveness and how it attributes to better performance outcomes.An overview on the different intragroup conflicts encountered in the Simulation has been included, examining the positive and negative impact that conflict had on team experience and performance, and how mutual agreements were reached through the compromising of personal and team goals. Finally, we conclude the report with an analysis of the different leadership styles including directive and empowerment. In our case, a consensus system was agreed upon, which granted equal authority for decision-making. The report also includes a reproduction of the team contract which briefly outlines our approach to problems and policies for decision-making.

Balloon Economy Essay Example for Free

blow up Economy EssayI have always wondered why our country cannot just make practically of funds to pay all of its debts and to distribute to all Filipinos. I was thinking that this way we wont have to deal with poverty anymore. This way we pass on have enough money to pay everything. later researching and thinking ab bring out it, I realized how naive I was. The government cannot just print out more money for it will drastically affect the aviate rescue. For me to further elaborate my point, let us imagine a balloon. Not an inflated one, but a new one that you just bought from a store. This deflated balloon is still so small that I cannot appreciate its beauty as a balloon.So I put more air in it and it grows to a considerable size. Imagine that the balloon is the economy, and the air inside it is the money circulating in the economy. If we put more money in the economy (through making debts or printing more money), there will be more air, and the balloon will get bigg er. When there is an abundant supply of something, its value tends to decrease. This also applies to money. As the number of circulating money increases, the value of money decreases. Now, what does this mean? It means that the purchasing capacity of money decreases, and so the prices tend to increase.This phenomenon is something we atomic number 18 all familiar with inflation. there are many causes of inflation but all of them have the a alike(p) effect an increase in price of commodities. As the balloon economy gets bigger, the prices also increase. We all have a go at it that if we keep on pumping air into the balloon, sooner or later it will burst. So to prevent this, we mustiness let air out by loosening our gripe on the end of the balloon. This is what we call deflation. by and by inflation, deflation usually follows. Since the prices of goods are too high, consumers tend to purchase less. So the supply tends to be higher than the demand.There is a surplus of goods an d services. And as I discussed earlier, a surplus of something makes its value decrease. So if this surplus continues, there will be deflation, or a decrease in price of commodities. From here we can shoot the breeze that the economy is indeed comparable to a balloon. It can inflate, deflate and ever burst. Knowing that the economy is like this, the government should be careful not to make the balloon pop. They should pump in just the obligation amount of air, and if they realize that they have pumped in too much, they must know how to loosen their grip so as to release some air from the balloon.

Financial statement Essay Example for Free

financial rehearsal Essay accountancy mainly involves analyzing, interpretation and insurance coverage of communication channel transaction records. Accounting provides education for end making to the management. The purpose of account is to maintain proper control of finances of an organization. In other words, accounting is an information system whose purpose is to provide essential information about melodic phrase monetary activities. It is generally involves design of record keeping system, summarized reports based on the recorded data and eventually interpretation of the reports.(Duane and Charles 1991 Martin Fernando 2002). quaternity basic financial statements be Balance tack This records assets and liabilities as well as possessors fair-mindedness of a business entity. Assets overwhelm original assets such as currency, debtors, securities, and prepayments. Long term assets include land, machineries, plants, and furniture. On the T account liabilities a re recorded on the right hand side. They include current liabilities and long term liabilities and owners equity. The first step towards preparing financial statement is recording the transactions in the journals. so the accountant will found ledger accounts for every item e. g. machinery, wages, furniture, cash accounts and so on. It is from these ledgers data to prepare the basic financial statement is derived from. The relationships Net income/loss reported in income statement forms part of owners equity items. If net loss results, it is deducted, if net income results then it is added (in the owners equity statement). possessors equity as at end of trading period from the owners equity statement is recorded in the balance sheet as owners capital.Net cash reported in the cash flow statement is the cash reported in the balance sheet (Carl etal 2008) Users of financial Statement Financial statements are very intentionful to managers, investors, creditors, and employees. Managers need to grapple performance of the business in terms of profit, costs, liquidity, and solvency status so as they appropriately plan and make decisions for future. These statements also military service them in budgeting and forecasting the performance. Investors are business enterpriseed about maximization of their wealth. These statements show the dividends and other incomes rewarded.They can use the statements to judge potential earnings from the firm. Creditors offer credit facilities to a business. They use these statements to evaluate a business liquidity and solvency status so as they may be able to know ability of a business to meet its short term and long term liabilities. Employees are also concerned to know the performance of their employer. Good performance means continuation of their employment while poor performance is a threat to their employment. (Bhabatosh 2005) Objectives of financial reporting Financial reporting is to provide information for decision making.It is also garter in forecasting, budgeting, control. Financial reporting determines financial position of a business entity. It also shows income earned. Financial reporting is meant to be used by both internal and external users. Accounting doctrines, assumptions and constraints Accounting rules includes cost precept which state that assets and liabilities should be reported at acquisition cost rather than market cost, taxation principle state that revenue should be recorded when goods pass into the possession of the buyer (when realizable or earned.Revenue should not be anticipated), matching principle state that expenses should be matched with revenues accruing from a certain transaction, Disclosure principle state that, either information that may affect decision making should be disclosed. (Jerry etal 2004). Assumptions includes Going concern a business entity is assumed to be continuing with operations indefinitely, Business entity this state that business and the owners a re separate entities, Time period operations of a business entity can be divided into period periods, Monetary unit assumption a stable currency as unit of account is assumed.(Jerry etal 2004). Constraints includes objectiveness principle financial statement should be objective based on evidence, Materiality principle any item that is likely to influence decision of the financial accounts user should be included, Consistency principle accounting principles should be used be consistently. (Jerry etal 2004). Accounting equation The accounting equation is assets =liabilities + owners liabilities. Business transaction starring(p) to increase in assets will affect assets side.However this has to be funded by either owners or creditors. gist that, the equation will always be balanced. Conclusion Accounting reporting purpose is to provide information for decision making. Accounting standards by both international and national accounting bodies should be adhered to in financial reportin g. Basic financial statements are balance sheet, cash flow statement, owners equity statement, and income statement. These statements are very expedient to both internal and external users as far as decision making is concerned.Reference Duane, R. , Charles, S. (1991). The Essentials of Accounting 1. Research Education Association. Martin, S. , Fernando, A. (2002). Financial Statement Analysis A Practitioners Guide. John Wiley and Sons. Bhabatosh, B. (2005). Financial Policy And Management Accounting 7th Ed. PHI learning Pvt. Ltd. Carl, S. , James, M. , Jonathan, E. (2008) Accounting. Cengage Learning. Jerry J. , Donald, E. , Paul, D. , Barbara, T (2004). Accounting Principles, Part 1. John Willey Sons

Cultural Anthropology Assignment Essay Example for Free

Cultural Anthropology Assignment EssayEnglish-Lueck is of the opinion that communion technologies grow increase the ways in which we can keep track of our families. According to him the communication technologies bind been a blessing especially for the working mothers as they help them in being connected to their childrens lives blush when they shake off a lot of time outside habitation. But at the same time communication technologies have become a bane for them too. To explain this point English-Lueck uses the example of an ageing woman who enjoyed the position of the tenderness of her family till a few years back. Due to the boom in the communication technology, her position has been eroded, as there be other things that her children have started paying importance to even in her presence. For example their unremitting email contacts keep them busy. As a result the modern gadgets are sharing the time they fagged with their mother. So according to English-Lueck, there is a mixed effect of the technology. In some aspects it has enhanced family animateness while in another(prenominal) aspects, it has played deterrent to keep intact the old way of ahead(p) life.Molitors viewpoints are also similar to that of English-Lueck as far as the issue of the effect of communication technologies on families are concerned. According to him the modern technologies help us to stay in touch with our families even when we are physically away from them. To explain this point he throws light upon how even newborn babies are in constant touch with their parents through technology. Their parents with the help of two-way radio transmitters monitor every tend that they take in their cribs.So though the way of stating their viewpoints is different, both the experts are similar in their summary of the effect of communication technologies on maintaining family relationships. My family and I are greatly affected by the technological changes that have taken over the years . Each of us is just a click or a visit call away from each other. Even when all of us are so busy in our lives that we hardly get time to spend with each other, thanks of the innovative technologies, now we have lie with track of one another as we are in constant touch with one another throughout the day.References English-Lueck, J. A. (Speaker). (1998). Technology and Social Change The Effects on Family and Community. COSSA Congressional Seminar. Mackay, H. , Ivey, D. (2004). Modern Media in the home An Ethnographic Study. Italy John Libbey Publishing CIC Srl. Molitor, G. T. T (2003). Communication technologies that will change our lives Science Technology Retrieved Feb. 1, 2008 from, regular army Today (Society for the Advancement of Education) Website//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_ml272/is_2692_131/ai_9628305/ print

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Essay Example for Free

Cognitive behavioural Therapy EssayCognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is recommended by the NICE guidelines as an effective treatment for many kind health problems, specifically depression and all of the anxiety disorders. But is it a therapy open to all? When professor Lord Layard wrote his paper Mental Health Britains Biggest Social Problem? in 2005, he far-famed that 16% of adults of working age begin a mental illness Of these 16%, he verbalize that, only a quarter were utilising any type of treatment. It was this sort of finding that lead to his recommendation to outgrowth admittanceibility to proven therapies such as CBT. This was achieved with the roll out of the Improved Access to Psychological Therapy (IAPT) programme. The draw below shows how the IAPT programme has been divided up into 3 steps It is this stepped approach that will contribute to overcoming round of the barriers that societies diversity may put on with accessing CBT. What might these barriers be? One of the first barriers an some unity faces may be around the concern of being stigmatised. It may be too hard for them to think about accessing CBT therapy for devotion of what others may think.They may not want to take time off work to attend sessions for fearfulness of it impacting negatively on their c atomic number 18er prospects. The stepped care model means they are able to receive the worst appropriate service tier support. This may mean that an individual is able to access therapy using head self-help, allowing them to work through the programme in their own time and at their own pace. Online programmes such as Fearfighter and Beating the Blues allow the individual to access therapy where and when they like.Not only do these sort of programmes kill the fear of stigma but they similarly cross the issue of long waiting lists meaning that the individual fucking access treatment on their terms almost instantaneously. Only if this level of support proves goalles s will the individual then be stepped up to the high intensity support. These internet CBT programmes alike overcome geographical difficulties, as long the individual has access to the internet and phone. In my opinion the internet is one of the main manners in which barriers may be removed.Morland et al (2011) conducted a study on the say-so of CBT delivered via video conferencing compared to the traditional in- soulfulness. The results indicated that the outcomes were just as effective. A promising move for those that are unable(p) to access traditional CBT as a result of their location or possible mental health issue, for example those suffering agoraphobia. At the core of CBT is the individuals motivation to learn and change. This in itself can lead to difficulties, especially in children and untested people. Often this group is being taken to therapy rather than choosing to go.Hudson (2005) give that large numbers of earlysters were not responding to the CBT treatment th at they were receiving. As far as children and new people are concerned there seems to have been limited research onto the success of CBT treatment. The first controlled trials did not take luff until the early 1990s and the majority of research has focused on the impact of CBT on adults. Even so the NICE guidelines on Depression in Children and Young People recommended the use of CBT, firstly, rather than pharmacological interventions.So how has CBT been adapted to incorporate children and young people, whose very cognition and emotional stages differs from that of adults? There have been some germinal adaptations to the CBT model such as Think Good Feel good. Here the supposition of CBT is tough down into easy to manage bites. There is also a lot of use of cartoons and speech bubbles, allowing the young person to access their thoughts and feelings in a safe way. The need to use more non-verbal techniques to help the young person to engage in the process such as, storytelling, drawing and games is also highlighted in this book.OReilly et al (2009) have also developed an interesting approach to using CBT with children and young people. They have created a game called gNAtenboroughs Island which is played by the youngster alongside a healer. Each session introduces another core CBT concept to the young person, such as the connection between thoughts, feelings and behaviours. These are presented in a non-threatening way and also a way that may be more engaging to this age group. Cerangolu (2010) found that video games could resurrect the therapeutic experience.They could help facilitate the therapeutic relationship as young people may be more willing to relate to a therapist that is ready to engage and understand their normal way of playing. Also sitting side by side rather than at the conventional ten to ii setting also may make the young person relax. How the game is played can also reveal the young person cognitive style. As technology develops so do the opportunities to engage young people in therapy. Apps for smartphones are constantly being developed that allow the young person to access their homework in a more user friendly way, to record their thoughts and emotions instantaneously.To allow them to engage in therapy in the same way that they engage in their life. Homework may be a reveal of CBT therapy that causes a young person to disengage, especially as the very word may cause them to have negative connotations. Gaynor et al (2006) found that compliance toward completing homework dropped the further into therapy a young person was. It is important that the therapist and client work together to agree the homework and that the young person is advance to set their own, as this may encourage a buy in to its importance.It may be that the therapist stays away from using the language of school and calls it practise work or work for self. Initially I saw CBT treatment as regimented and unmoving, but the more I have researched the barriers that contrary people may encompass when thinking of embarking on treatment the more I fool that CBT is indeed structured but there is an innate flexibility about how it is delivered. It is this flexibility that allows people from different backgrounds to engage in a CBT approach that sees them as an individual rather than specific disorder.

Necessity is the mother of invention Essay Example for Free

require is the beat of founding Essay universeRationaleThis look topic fate is the mformer(a) of excogitation. Evaluate this estatement in relation to scientific and scientific experiment. was chosen for studying in the bea of informatics study. However, the query topic was expected to be in the philosophical enclosure to understand the basic indigence of applied science much than the informatics subject, which deals with creating and developing of figurer study. So that this topic needed ultimo tense experience and historical background to be evaluated, further didnt need much in education background beca phthisis the topic wasnt related to the theory or language of computer study. The topic in this argona was real engrossed for emerging study beca role it could athletic supporters in correspondence and vaticination the need of society need when developing or creating impertinent engine room or creations which lead to the victor in business. These ar the fact of this chosen topic.The analysis of the explore topicThe question doubt is Necessity is the m separate of purpose. Evaluate this statement in relation to scientific and technological experimentation. The key words that found the content of the question ar Necessity is the mother of invention. The birth of this question is to extract the relation amidst unavoidableness and invention that essential is the ca intent of the invention or not. The requirement of the question is to prove the relationship between extremity and invention by evaluates the statement according to scientific and technological experiment. The proposes of the thesis ar to yield that to what extent does necessity be the mother of invention and to evaluate according to scientific and technological experimentation. Three sphere of influences were analyzed during the study.These three demesnes, which be communication, industry, and medicate, were studied in the area that contend in scien tific and technological experimentation. The communication was studied to understand its necessity and invention of the present. The industry was studied to analyze the station of necessity in the economical contestation,which lead to the use up of invention. The medicine was studied to show why it is rattling necessity to human life and what are the alternative inventions that bewilder after. So both evidences were collected to h elder water the thesis of the research question and its purposes that the study defends an argument on the proving of the necessity that lead to the invention. The diagram on the next page shows the structure of the analysis of the research topic.Data CollectionThe Research MethodThe research was carried pop in three tinctures. The offset step was to understand the research topic by meddle approximately for definition, background history, and general randomness from the source books and journal words. Then all the information was evaluated to find out which areas are mostly involved in the research topic and range, which is the scientific and technological experimentation. The second step was the collection of data to find the relevant information. The information was analyzed according to the relevancy to the research area, the accusativeness of the author, and the stop consonant spent on collecting of the data. Then third step, the limitation of the information w upset be analysis on the certain aspects of the topic areas of the scientific and technological experimentation. Therefore, the research will counsel scarce the necessity and invention in the areas of scientific and technological experimentation. Most of the sources that use in the research were whatever kinds of business and social case study such as Cleft palate case in the medicine study( vocaliser and Bergthold, 2001, pp.2161-2230).Annotated BibliographyCotterell, A. (1988). An oerview of research and co-operation in advanced information technology. In A. Cotterell, Advanced Information Technology in the New Industrial Society (pp.1-27). New York Oxford University Press.Written for secure four-in-hand who involve in information technology that want to find out which technologies are matched for their businessarea. This chapter describe close new technologies that involves in industry and focus on time to come technology. The meliorations of communication and computer storage are apply to lowlifevas in industry area to develop how necessity are they. Also, this chapter explains the expert system in new technology to shown that new technologies have invented new ideas in the industry.Fuglsang L. (1993). The soft information technologies and its critics the risk of wild indemnity making in science and technology. In L. Fuglsang, Technology and New Institution (pp.54-96). Denmark Copenhagen.Written for computer managers that involve in information system research and development of technology in future research. These cha pter focuses on what invention attains by the risks which cause when new science and technology are emerging while old are crisis. The history of technology over 50 long time is utilise to prove that risks cause necessity to create invention of new technology.Hall, B.J. (2000). Use of the pneumonic artery catheter in critically ill patients Was invention the mother of necessity? journal of the American Medical Association, 283(19), 2577-2578.This term has been written for doctor and hospital that involve in surgery area. This article discusses two studies regarding the use of pulmonary artery catheters in critically ill patients and the put to work of its future evaluation. The use of pulmonary artery catheters is necessary for the medical exam exams and operative intensive units (ICUs). It jockstraps to manage critically ill patients.Singer, S., Bergthold L. (2001). Cosmetic vs. reconstructive surgery for tear palate A window into medical necessity debate. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286(17), 2162-2203.This article has been written for doctor in plastic surgery and people who interest in nonfunctional surgery. Medical necessity is a term thatused in most mercenary health plan to create invention. This article is focus nearly plastic surgery for a go palate, and the debate about whether the surgery is decorative or reconstructive. But because of medical necessity can regard as antithetical things to opposite people and organization, so it could be both general meat.Stewart, J. (1992). Technological potpourri and industrial location. In J. Stewart, The Management of Science and Technology (pp.110-192). Denmark The Australian National University.This book has been written for educator and manager that involve in information technology and works on the productive area of research. This chapter focus on Just-in-Time system, which is the new industry system that create by the competition in the world economic. Because of comp etition in the market industrial investment, the Just-in-Time system is used to because it is necessary to control cost and subjoin profit.Tate, A. N., Clayton B.S. Gourley K.G. (2001). Development and performance of a managed care rotation in medical necessity review Exposing students to new opportunities. Journal of American Pharmaceutical Education, 65(3), 261-307.The purpose of this journal is for fourth-year PHD students to design a rotation in managed care done medical necessity review. The rotation involved working with the Tennes incur department of Healths TennCare Appeals Units. It shows how the impact of pharmacists can have on patients lives. They ingest by use professional development experience to show the advantage of utilizing pharmacists.The Literature recapitulationThe five articles that are reviewed focus mainly on scientific and technological experiments, which separate into three major(ip) areas. These three areas are communication, industry, and medicin e. The writers s attitude toward the study of information technology and science, which areused in society, raised a precise detai direct discussion and neatly analysis on the proving of necessity as mother of invention. The sub-topics in each area contain outstanding information involve in necessity of both individual and social baksheeshs of view. Evidence is provided completely from all sources and can accurately be used to prove that necessity is the mother of invention as reasons and evidences. The purpose of the review is to make a clear analysis on these six articles toward likeities and differences in their areas.The first article, an overview of research and co-operation in advanced information technology by Arthur Cotterell, mostly represents in the area of communication. In this article, he discusses that the communication is important to the future of society. Cotterell compares the antithetical between old and new mediums of communication, which lead to the social necessity. He explained the medium all the way in detail and supported by using a city named Swindon (Cotterell, 1988, p.26), which wildly use fiber middle (medium) as his evidence. The successful of the fiber center is picked up to prove his documents. In the second article by jennet Stewart, Technological change and industrial location, represents in industry area, which focus mainly in competition in market industry investment and scarceness of natural resource for industrial manufacturing. She points and explains the force of competition and scarcity lead to the change of new system.The Just-In-Time (JIT) system, which is a new information system, is used to compare how efficiency it is with the old system. This system is the very successful system that helps reduce and eliminate cost, waste, and speed in production. She analyse self-propelling industry in Australia, which success in this system, as her evidence. The smaller, more technological advanced players, and accu rate in the industry is the main point of the invention in this article. The third article, which is written by Fuglsang, in the article, he exhibites the meaning specifically of how and why invention is created (Fuglsang, 1993, pp.54-96). The main point of his article is to show that when the time is ladder and population is increasing, they cause the old invention to become crisis and it is necessary to invent something new to replace the old. This article can be used as theory and reason to explain and understandably support all three areas of communication, industry, andmedicine.The stages of invention development are used to show the steps of scientific and technological improvement. In each phase provide the evidence of the development of invention clearly since bypast fifty years when a manual turning-machine was created to the automatic machine are used. He alike supports his evidence by using the development of American technology. He mentions that the growing performa nce of new technologies in society creates a need, so it is very important to studies more about technology network in political process. The forth article written by Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, they mainly represents in the area of medicine. This article focuses on medical necessity by compare the different between cosmetic surgery and reconstructive surgery. They support the document that medical necessity in the area of surgery is really necessity by using health plans (Singer and Bergthold, 2001, p.2162). This health plans is medical necessity standard that use permanently all over the world. They in addition comment in general that social viewing among medical necessity in surgery is also included in some case.The case of a crevice palate patient is used to analysis and discusses the different between cosmetic and reconstructive case. Then they argue and support that medical necessity determinations involving the condition that proven to be especially problematic not se lf-desirable. The fifth article written by Jesse B. Hall, Use of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients Was invention the mother of necessity? the article show that pulmonary artery catheters is necessary to most patients that involve in heart, lung, and blood problems. He analysed this technology from 10217 patients in 34 medical and surgical intensive care units (ICUs) in 1998. According to Hall, the pulmonary artery is used in the case that no medicine can used to cure the sickness. He suggests that this invention still has high risk, so this is very necessary to improve this invention to help critically ill patients and the process of its future evaluation.All issues in five sources, which written by Arthur Cotterell, jenny ass Stewart, Fuglsang, Jesse B. Hall and Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, are considered very important to show the audience the historical and current significance of continuity about necessity as mother of invention in the term of scienti fic and technological experiment. This is because when the oldinvention is considered as the necessity for the future improvement, the go on improvement to the new invention will be created. Arthur Cotterell writes about the use of communication medium during the past 10 years until the use of new medium today (Cotterell, 1988, p.26). His examples of twisted pair and fiber optic cable show the fact that the why the increase of performance of new medium are used by the change in society. It shows the audience clearly the distance between time in the past and present of social necessity. This article also talks about the rapidly increases of necessity which lead to the improvement of new medium in the future incessantly. In the issue of Jenny Stewart and Fuglsang have the similar area in the industry that also express the same meaning of need in the industry. Jenny Stewart shows the change in industry system by using automotive industry in Australia since 1990 (Stewart, 1992, p.124) .Fuglsang shows the rationalization phase (Fuglsang, 1993, p.56), which is one of 4, phases in technological invention development. This phase analyses from the past 50 years of the development. Both Jenny Stewart and Fuglsangs article shows the change in the industry, which involves in commercial interests and competition. This article helps to show the tangency between competition and tutorial in the industry, which leads to the use of the new invention. In the rest of the issues from Jesse B. Hall, and Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold are involved in medicine area that involve in the surgery. Jesse B. Hall talks about the exit of the use of pulmonary artery catheter (Hall, 2000, pp.2577-2578). This result shows the need of cosmetic surgery among the people who have problem of the natural handicap of the body and also explain the use of the invention to help solve the problem.Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold article also help to shows that since from the past the meaning of medic al necessity is mean only reconstruction to the normal state of patients. Both issues from Jesse B. Hall, and Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold come form the different medical case but they have similar thesis, which are medical necessity that lead to the invention of new medical invention. All the writers come from the different areas but they have the same meaning of their issues that the continuing of the time lead to the increase of need of invention in both new and improvement. So that their issues are self-colouredly support the statement that necessity creates the invention in the part of science and technological experimentation.There are three articles which surely are the clinical of the writers when they present research their research results and evidence to support their arguments because these articles provide complete information and details of the document. The first article, which is objective, by Arthur Cotterell supports and expresses the meaning of his argument c learly by using the complete examples and information of communication mediums (Cotterell, 1988, pp.1-27). He shows the detail second of capacity, speed, range, and material made in each medium sample clearly. He also compares the different in each medium by mathematical calculation. This helps audience to easily understand the different even technical term. The second article, which is objective, from Fuglsang is objective because he has the acknowledgment from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States (Fuglsang, 1993, pp.54-96). His article and support evidences come from the case studies in Denmark, US, and Sweden. They are emphasis and detail clearly on the influence of culture, organizational choices and institutional concerns through research.The third article, which is objective, from Jenny Stewart is objective because her argument and sources come from the federalism research centre (Stewart, 1992, pp.110-192). She provides the information clearly in the ex ample of automotive industry in Australia in percentage of profit, time, competitor, and increase of product output. The other two articles from Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, and Jesse B. Hall are not objective because they provide the information too general. It is general because the information they provide is not specific in number of result from the succession in medical treatment. Both of them show only the result from the invention by using only reasons, causes and effects after treatment (Singer and Bergthold, 2001, 2162-2203).This is because most of the article is the summary of the result of the crack cocaine palate research, so that they just mention about the need and future development, which result from the succession of cleft palate surgery. Although they dont provide completely information, the area that they work is in medicine area, which concentrates only the result of necessity. So that their article can express their main ideas easy and clearly understand by using reason, cause, and effect documents. By compare all the articles which each others, the information that provided by the authors are enough to support the necessity ofinvention by using their specific details and information, research, reasons, causes, and effects. Their sources are considered as essential in comparative degree and explaining the necessity as mother of information in scientific and technological experiment.The examineation of data is clearly in all five sources because all data can be analyse to evaluate the need of the research topic in relation to scientific and technological experiment easily. The relationship between the necessity and the invention is linked in clearly understand. There are three different ways in their interpretation of data. The first way is represented by the article of Arthur Cotterell. He interprets his information by explain the detail of old communication medium and new communication medium in technical term and estimated calcula tion of speed, capacity, and range. For example, he explains that twisted-pair could carry 10Khz but if compare with fiber optic (Cotterell, 1988, p.26), fiber optic is windy than twisted-pair million times. He also clarifies the use of fiber optic that it uses in linking between two or more networks and twisted-pair uses in local phone line. The second way is represented by Fuglsang and Jenny Stewart.They interpret their sources by using the result of the time in the industrial development. They show the change and need since from the past and result of it in the present. The time between standardization and rationalization is used by the author to show the relation of the improvement of the invention from first creation to the first development (Fuglsang, 1993, 56-56). The third way is represented by Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, and Jesse B. Hall. They interpret their sources by using the result of their information, which is the specific in practice of medicine. They summar ize the result of medication from the patient and use it to support their argument. The research result of the patient in a cleft palate case is used to analysis the term of medical necessity in the surgery area of medicine.The result after the surgery is used to compare that the surgery is reconstructive surgery not cosmetic surgery. In comparison of all the writers, they interpret all data clearly. All the data are stranded into three areas, which Arthur Cotterell is in communication area, Fuglsang and Jenny Stewart are in Industry area, and Singer S. and Linda Bergthold, and Hall are in medicine area. There interpretation of data can support each others and express theirunderstanding in analyse that necessity as mother of invention clearly.There are three articles that are conducted the research thoroughly in order to prove the points by the writers. The complete research could help the claim of research topic to become more powerful and reliable without being counter by other argument. Arthur Cotterell, Singer S. and Linda Bergthold, and Jenny Stewart are the writers who do their research thoroughly. Arthur Cotterell researches neatly on the information system research, which express all the meaning, material used, quality, and performance of each medium between communications clearly (Cotterell, 1988, p.15-27). He use a city name Swindon to do his research. This city is widely use in fiber optic and coaxial cable to link between communication which mean that it is a very efficiency sources to use on communication research. Singer S. and Linda Bergthold research on the medical necessity on surgery course. They use a patient who was born with cleft palate problem as their research (Singer and Bergthold, 2001, pp.2162-2180). They clearly research on the result before and after that patient take the surgery.They also research on the health plan of the medical standard and analyse it with medical theory as the reconstructive medication. Jenny Stewart researc hes on the Australia industry. She finds out that the reasons of necessity in industry come from the competition, which lead to the need of more flexible, fast, and efficiency technology(Stewart, 1992, p.124-192). This led her to find out the new system, Just-in-Time system, and research it on the Australia automotive industry. She has the result of how efficiency and profitability it is. The other sources from Fuglsang and Jesse B. Hall are not researched thoroughly because they get the information from general source directly without to the full detail.Fuglsang picks up the history to speak to support the argument but the detail on his steer seem not clear on details and analysis. From Arthur Cotterell, Singer S., and Linda Bergthold, and Jenny Stewart research, they are very to understand their point of view from their research and directly connect audience to the understanding. The clearly details and information of their research link their ideas to the necessity as mother of invention in the scientific and technological experiment.From five sources, there are four sources that provide practical andrealistic suggestion by the writers. The practical and realistic of suggestion can help the article to become more clear and ease of understanding. First is Jenney Stewart, she suggests that future of the industry take smaller, more technological advanced players, and accuracy (Stewart, 1992, p.125). The writer suggestion shows that her study is very important to the use of technology for the future use. Her suggestion is proved by her comparative of old technology and new technology that show the change of size, quality, quantity, and speed. Second is Arthur Cotterell, he suggested that by the help of computer-aided design would help to avoid a lot of tentative material cutting. The writer suggestion shows that his study is very important for the industry to increase their performance of the system. This is very useful in showing the relationship between ne cessity and invention.Third is Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, they suggest that cosmetic or treatments intended primarily to improve appearance is exclude in medical necessity standard (Singer and Bergthold, 2001, p.2162). The writers suggestions are used for people to understand that the purpose of surgery is different in some case because some case could count as personal desirable such as cosmetic. This shows the relation between medical necessity and invention clearly. They support their suggestion by evaluate the cleft palate in the medical necessity term and health plans.Forth is Fuglsang, he suggests that the growing application of new technologies in society creates a need to assign a more offensive and organized role to technology studies networks in the political process. This suggestion shows that his detail on study is very important for who is interested in technological development. The writer proves his suggestion by evaluate and show the need over past 50 years of the development of information and communication technologies in four phases (Fuglsang, 1993, p.55-58). From all the suggestion of all writers could help the audience to know what are the main interests in on the articles of the writers, which are very useful.There is no surely use of expert idea from all the writers. They havent pick up whatsoever expert opinion but they adapt to use another people and place from other sources as their expert opinion. The expert opinion on the article of Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold is not mentioned clearly. Theyuse the term physician as their expert opinion to help support their argument in consider appropriate medication for a patient, such as treatment intended primarily to improve appearance. As same as Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, Jenny Stewart doesnt use expert opinion but she uses other opinion, Lamming (1998), who is one from her source. Lamming talks about the industry remaining effectively in stress period. This opinion helps a udience understand the best period of industry development.In the article of Fuglsang L., this writer use Sloth Andersen and Slavo Radosevic, who are not mention clearly who are they, as the expert opinion. They talk about an innovation forum, which help to support the writer about the change of technology during a century so that the view of technological change would be see as the important to the new invention. The rest of the writers do not have any expert opinion to support their argument. But in the case of their writing, the support of expert opinion is not important because the evidences and examples are enough to call as expert opinion in the case of science and technological experiment.In conclusion, all of the five articles are clearly review, analyse, and can be reliable. All the sources talks in the areas of communication, industry, and medicine by using variety of evidence and alternative ways of using expert opinion. The objectivity of each writers are confirm in all sources and the interpretation are very clear. The thoroughness of treatment of the subject bet could confidentially be used from the analysis. Each suggestion from all writers are mentioned mostly point to the future use and analysis. For further research the study of more variety of necessity in creating invention must be more research and study to express their meaning widely in different area. This could help to look and analysis more widely in today and future development of invention. But the main point of all reviews is to find out the best ways to the result of successful future.The Limitations of researchThis research limited by certain factors. The research was limited by some limitations of the topic. The personal factor was caused by the research topic is not directly related to the past experience and educationalbackground but mostly related to the philosophical area which is not computer study. This caused the lack of some specific or direct information that could he lp analyze the topic more efficiency. Another reason is the topic question is some kind of question that can answer in two ways that people could gybe and disagree depends one the personal opinion so that the degree of the answer to the question is not strong enough. This caused some part of the argument easy to be counter by some situation in both side of agree and disagree.The suggestions for future studyThe problems of limitation of research need some suggestions to be made for future study. Firstly to solve the problem of lacking in specific education background, this research needs the specific education of philosophy and psychology to help provide more specific and strong supported information for the term of human necessity. This can help to improve the supported argument of the look for to become more reliable. This future study can do by focus on the continuous of inventions in each area in term of psychology, which will be very helpful in this research. The research does nt need to find out the started point or the first creation of the invention because this hear was only focusing in present invention.Second future study is by searching more support from the expert opinion to help solve the limitation of unstable argument due to the meaning of research topic, which is too wide in general. The more researched findings of supported expert opinions can strongly help to support the argument and make the research become more reliable. This could be done by focus on the expert opinions that involve in the succession in each area of industry, medicine, and communication. The success of expert opinions is more reliable and couldnt be counter by other argument easily. In conclusion, if all suggestions of future study are completely finished the research will not have any dummy spaces to be counter by other counter argument.