With Practice

With Practice I once took the AWAI course for publicists. You know the one. Its where they talk around six-figure salary from copywriting and how to procure some genuine bucks once you take their course. They requested that I be a subsidiary, and I did it for quite a while, yet one condition was that I get a duplicate of the main course to consider. Truly, it was a genuine course. The counsel was sound. I supported it for quite a while. Probably the most straightforward exercise in the course, in any case, astonished me. They encouraged to just duplicate down existing letters utilized in business battles, composed I sensed that I was duplicating my moms cursive composition as a kid. Id read a line, at that point compose it. Peruse a different line, at that point compose it. The rationale was that there is power in muscle memory. At the point when we rehash something, we hold it in our brains. All things considered, we practice sports again and again to take care of business. Sewing, running, painting, singing, whatever it is, the more werepeat the drills, the closer we get to carrying out the responsibility well. Utilizing that hypothesis, you can duplicate incredible pages of composing Before you holler written falsification, I guarantee you that the activity doesn't imply that you duplicate the work into your own story. Furthermore, it doesn't imply that youll incidentally let out three passages of JK Rowlings words into your story and not know it. Butyou will retain a portion of her procedures. Greg Digneo composed a post on Boost Blog Traffic a week ago called The Brain-Dead Simple yet Astonishingly Effective Way to Become aâ Better Writer. Envision how my temples rose when I saw this blog entry advising different bloggers to duplicate extraordinary blog entries to figure out how toâ ace blogging. ( http://boostblogtraffic.com/better-author/) What I discovered captivating in Gregs post, notwithstanding, was that Picasso figured out how to paint so well You figure out how to compose without so much inactive voice.You figure out how to compose more colorfully.You figure out how to write in a specific action word tense better.You figure out how to compose a specific perspective better.You figure out how to enhance your sentence structure better.And the rundown continues forever Dont need to duplicate the pages verbatim? At that point read them again and again. Your brain is a sensational wipe. It ingests. It realizes when you dont think its learning. Make yourself read incredible works, over and over, and the aptitudes sink in. Or on the other hand you could work on keeping in touch with them, imagining youre in the brain of an incredible creator, trusting a portion of that enchantment bogs off on you.

Effects of re-education on poor hand washing Essay

Impacts of re-instruction on poor hand washing - Essay Example strategies have been started to enroll the contribution of the social insurance suppliers in medical clinic setting and locally situated consideration by relatives of the patient. Mindfulness creation through training stays a basic methodology in managing this issue as the watched pattern has been seen as ascribed to deficient data on strategy and noteworthiness of the activity. In spite of the fact that the medicinal services offices the executives realizes that hand cleanliness is instrumental in lessening emergency clinic related contamination, there has been constrained training effort pointed towards the attendants and patient’s family members. It is along these lines imperative to take note of that re-instruction remains the fitting measure in enhancing the frequencies of medical clinic gained contaminations (Filetoth, 2002). Hand cleanliness re-instruction ought to be led by empowering hand washing by medicinal services laborers before observing patients, after contact with natural liquids, before intrusive methods, and in the wake of evacuating gloves. The expanding occurrence of clinic obtained disease has raised concerns and requires more consideration through instruction available cleanliness. Despite the fact that the data is accessible in emergency clinics, there has been noteworthy numbness and carelessness by the medical attendants towards appropriate hand cleanliness as a moderation measure. It is hence basic to underline the need to build up sound instruction program to improve amount and quality (fulfillment of hand scouring and drying time) of hand cleanliness. Thorough examination of the discoveries on the endeavors towards hand cleanliness frames the premise of finding out the effect of training on instances of emergency clinic obtained contaminations. The point of the hand cleanliness arrangement through washing is to underscore building or fortifying limit with the goal that hand cleanliness improvement is viewed as and turns into an incorporated part of a more extensive Hospital Acquired Infection counteraction technique. Poor hand washing is liable for complex patient condition as it isn't represented during determination as it

Narrative Analysis Essay Samples - How to Write an Effective One

Narrative Analysis Essay Samples - How to Write an Effective OneNarrative analysis essay samples are often considered to be helpful in evaluating your own writing. However, there are times when these types of essays can be frustrating.For example, say you are taking a difficult course in high school and are having trouble getting through the topic of your particular essay. What you should do is write an essay that is easier to comprehend, and choose a narrative analysis essay sample that will help you write a more successful essay. This will make it much easier for you to finish the piece.There are many types of essays that are on writing assignments at various universities. However, a lot of students are not sure what to write about when they are assigned a specific essay. For example, they may be asked to write about their favourite subject, but it may not be the most appropriate topic for that particular assignment. Even if they do their best, they may not be able to write a well- written essay.They should take the time to write a 'mini-essay' about their favourite subject. The idea is to write about things that interest them. When you read a sample of a narrative essay, make sure you understand what the essay is about, and how it will contribute to the overall theme of the class. You can try to start writing the essay, but do not want to rush through it.There are many different ways to go about writing an essay, however you should not have any problem. All you need to do is write a very basic outline of the topic. Once you have finished your outline, you can begin writing the story, and then you can go back and revise as needed.Many people who are having trouble with their narrative analysis essay choose to hire an essay editor to help them. An editor is someone who will help you determine the focus of the essay, and how much of it you should include.When you hire an editor, you want to make sure that they are going to be consistent with the way you write yo ur essay. Most people who write good essays choose to hire an editor that does the same thing. If they have an editor that is inconsistent with your writing style, it can get frustrating.In order to avoid such problems, you should look for narrative analysis essay samples that are consistent with your style. Once you have completed your essay, you should go back and edit your essay to make sure it is up to par. After you are done, you should also try to learn from the essay as much as possible.

A Brief History of the Tower of London

If you watch a British entertainer on their home soil make a joke about the Royal Family, youll probably see them follow it up with a quip like oh, they’ll take me to the Tower! They dont need to say which tower. Everyone growing up in the mainstreams of British culture hears about The Tower, a building as famous and central to the national myths of England as the White House is to the myths of the United States. Built on the north bank of the River Thames in London and once a home of royalty, a jail for prisoners, a site for executions and a storehouse for an army, the Tower of London now contains the Crown Jewels, guardians nicknamed Beefeaters (they arent keen on the name) and legend securing ravens. Dont be confused by the name: the Tower of London is actually a huge castle-complex formed by centuries of addition and alteration. Described simply, the nine hundred-year-old White Tower forms a core surrounded, in concentric squares, by two sets of powerful walls. Studded with towers and bastions, these walls enclose two inner areas called wards that are full of smaller buildings. This is the story of its origins, creation and the near continual development which has kept it at the center of an, albeit changing, national focus for nearly a millenia, a rich and bloody history that easily attracts over two million visitors every year. Origins of the Tower of London While the Tower of London as we know it was built in the eleventh century, the history of fortification on the site stretches back into Roman times, when stone and wooden structures were built and marshland reclaimed from the Thames. A massive wall was created for defence, and this anchored the later Tower. However, the Roman fortifications declined after the Romans left England. Many Roman structures had their stones robbed away for use in later buildings (finding these Roman remains in other structures is a good source of evidence and very rewarding), and what remained in London was likely foundations. Williams Stronghold When William I successfully conquered England in 1066 he ordered the construction of a castle in London, using the site of the old Roman fortifications as a base. In 1077 he added to this stronghold by ordering the construction of a huge tower, the Tower of London itself. William died before it was completed in 1100. William needed a large tower partly for protection: he was an invader attempting to take over a whole kingdom, one which needed pacification before it would accept him and his children. While London seems to have been made safe quite quickly, William had to engage in a campaign of destruction in the north, the Harrying, to secure that. However, the Tower was useful in a second way: the projection of royal power wasnt just about walls to hide in, it was about showing status, wealth and strength, and a large stone structure that dominated its surroundings did just that. The Tower of London as Royal Castle Over the next few centuries monarchs added ever more fortifications, including walls, halls and other towers, to an increasingly complex structure which became referred to as The Tower of London. The central tower became known as the ‘White Tower’ after it was whitewashed. On the one hand, every successive monarch needed to build here to demonstrate their own wealth and ambition. On the other hand, several monarchs had need to shelter behind these imposing walls due to conflicts with their rivals (sometimes their own siblings), so the castle remained nationally important and a military keystone in controlling England. From Royalty to Artillery During the Tudor period the use of the Tower began to change, with visits from the monarch declining, but with many important prisoners held there and an increase in the use of the complex as a storehouse for the nation’s artillery. The number of major modifications began to decline, although some were spurred on by fire and naval threats, until changes in warfare meant the Tower became less important as an artillery base. It wasnt that the Tower was any less formidable to the type of people it had been built to defend, but that gunpowder and artillery meant its walls were now vulnerable to new technology, and defences had to take markedly different forms. Most castles suffered a decline in military importance, and instead transformed into new uses. But monarchs were looking for different sorts of accommodation now, palaces, not cold, draughty castles, so visits fell. Prisoners, however, did not require luxury. The Tower of London as National Treasure As the military and government use of the Tower declined, parts were opened up to the general public, until the Tower evolved into the landmark it is today, welcoming over two million visitors annually. Ive been myself, and its a striking place to spend time and muse on the history its seen. It can get crowded though! More on the Tower of London The Tower of London Ravens: Ravens are kept at the Tower of London, in part to fulfill the demands of an old superstition†¦ this article explains why.The Beefeaters / Yeoman Warders: The Tower of London is guarded by people called Yeoman Warders, but they’re better known by a nickname: the Beefeaters. Visitors to the Tower should keep an eye out for, what by modern standards, are their unusual uniforms.

Leadership - 756 Words

TEAM LEADERSHIP MODEL 2 The firm at Hernandez and Associates are faced with a challenge to adapt to changes within their organization. The problems exist in implementing new responsibilities and expanding based on the individual client’s needs. Marco Hernandez, as a leader is faced with the responsibility to implement this change. The leader’s main job is to determine the team’s needs and take care of them (Hughes, Ginnett, Curphy, 2012). Team effectiveness is the underlying driver for a successful organization. By identifying certain process problems in teams, leaders can use the Team Leadership Model to diagnose appropriate leverage points for action. Suggestion of the TLM allows leaders to focus effort†¦show more content†¦would be desirable and plus to implement reasonable measures of team effectiveness that can be applied across teams and tasks in order to ensure the outputs of team meets its standards of quality, and timeliness of the people who will use it. Mr. Hernandez can enhance the group experience even further with his current team, by developing growth and personal well-being of the individuals. This can lead better results and consistent innovative progress. The leader can directly influence other inputs to create conditions for effective teamwork (Hughes, Ginnett, Curphy, 2012). The leaders job is to create the conditions for the team to be effective. By designing or redesigning input stage variables at the individual, organizational, and team design levels. The support of the team depends on gathering resources and providing recognition. By evaluating the environment through performance indicators and determining its impact on the organization. The key to success is sharing information with the team. By modeling a range of authority behaviors in the early stages effective leaders have laid the groundwork for continuing expectations (Hughes, Ginnett, Curphy, 2012) The goals for the team in relationship to outputs need to focus on meeting the expectation and satisfaction of their clients. Mr. Hernandez needs to establish methods to make the team even more effective than it already is. It is desirable for the leader to assess the teams’ workShow MoreRelatedThe Leadership Of Leadership And Leadership842 Words   |  4 Pagesideals of leadership, I met with two respected and admired school leaders: the Assistant Principal/Dean of Curriculum, and the Athletic Director. I chose these two school leaders because I wanted to gain an understanding of leadership from two diverse perspectives. I am thankful for the opportunity to hear from two different types of leaders, who ultimately share a lot of the same visions for my school and for leadership in general. While both subjects shared a similar definition of leadership, theirRead MoreLeadership And Leadership Of Leadership1711 Words   |  7 Pages7. Facilitative Leadership Facilitative leadership is dependent on quantities and outcomes – not a skill, though it takes much skill to master. The efficiency of a group is directly related to the effectiveness of its process. If the group is high operational, the facilitative leader uses a light hand on the procedure. 8. Laissez-faire Leadership Laissez-faire leadership gives expert to workers. According to AZ central, sections or subordinates are acceptable to work as they choose with nominal.Read MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1605 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership Examined There have been many great leaders down through history. Leaders that have influenced change throughout many aspects of society. Great leaders have great influence. The effectiveness of a leader is determined by his leadership style. With so many styles to choose from, and the fact that not one style fits all situations, becoming an effective leader is a challenging task. One reflective note is that it is important to cultivate good leadership skills. One must evaluate personalRead MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1225 Words   |  5 Pages with their team. Leadership is â€Å"the behavior of an individual . . . directing the activities of a group toward a shared goal† (Hemphill Coons, (1957). p. 7). †¢ Leadership is â€Å"the influential increment over and above mechanical compliance with the routine directives of the organization† (Katz Kahn, (1978). p. 528). †¢ Leadership is â€Å"the process of influencing the activities of an organized group toward goal achievement† (Rauch Behling, (1984). p. 46). †¢ â€Å"Leadership is about articulatingRead MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1476 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Effectiveness There are many different approaches to leadership, which can be dependent upon the task at hand. Some leaders are authoritative, making all the decisions for group members and allowing no space for error or input. There are those who may opt to take the President Obama approach with a more democratic leadership role, inviting the ideas of others and encouraging open communication and staff participation. Then there are the servant leaders whom are largely respected and followedRead MoreLeadership And Leadership Theory Of Leadership1341 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Application Jesus Cabral Brandman University The author of this paper has been in various leadership positions for over 20 years. Some positions held by the author have been team leader, Operations Manager, General Manager, and Director of Operations. The author has lead teams with various degrees of education and from many cultures. The leadership theories studied during OLCU 400 will assist this leader though experienced to become much more effective and focus on thoseRead MoreLeadership, Leadership And Leadership Development915 Words   |  4 Pagestake a leadership role in any activity. They are more valued by followers and have higher performing teams. (Cherry 2014) However, leaders are the ones that use their leadership skills to make a difference in this world, such as presidents, teachers, or even college graduates. Leadership is not something you can learn from a book, but you have to gain this skill through experiences such as holding an office, organizing an event, speaking in front of people, or participating in a leadership programRead MoreLeadership Theories Of Leadership And Leadership Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership is important because it helps followers reach a common goal. There have been several studies based on effective leadership. The definition of leadership has evolved over the years adapting to the different views of the world. Leaders have influence on their followers they are looked up to. Being a leader means there will be interaction with different behaviors and personalities. Effective leaders sometimes have to adjust their style approach by the situation they are in. Every followersRead MoreTransformational Leadership : Leadership And Leadership887 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea of leadership has transformed throughout the years to encompass varying aspects of leadership approaches, leadership types and the like. According to Summerfield (2014), C. F. Rauch and O. Behling, quote leadership as: Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an organized group toward goal achievement. Given its broad definition, leadership is understood to have different meanings when applied to diverse situations. For example, there are different types of approaches toRead MoreOrganizational Leadership : Leadership And Leadership1568 Words   |  7 PagesConceptualizing Leadership Leadership is different in the eyes of each and every individual. What one person considers great leadership may be viewed by another as too demanding. Ultimately, time, place, situation, and people involved are considered some of the view variables for which type of leadership will be most effective. Through taking the Gallup Strengths Finder survey, I have been able to cement some of my top strengths and see how they come into play in my daily life. Learning about strengths

Stereotypical Portrayal Of Gender Roles - 1841 Words

Stereotypical Gender Roles Gender roles are norms that are expected from men and women. These norms were mainly established after World War II, late 1940s to mid-1950s, when all the men returned from the war and resumed working the jobs they had left in order to join the army and the majority of the women became home care providers, while some started working jobs, such as teachers, secretaries etc†¦. Today, although this is a different era, people are still fixated on the norms that emerged through the previous eras turning them into stereotypes. A stereotype is a fixated idea about a particular person or a thing. An article by Holly Brewer called the â€Å"List of Gender Stereotypes† gives the readers an indication of some of the stereotypes that are still believed to exist and used to describe gender roles today. After such norms arose in the 1950s, multiple filmmakers adapted this idea and conveyed it into their films. One of the biggest portrayal of gender roles was depicted by Alfred Hitchcoc k in his 1954 film, Rear Window. Although the main plot of the movie revolves around the main character’s, L.B. â€Å"Jeff† Jefferies, attempt to solve a murder; the director successfully manages to illustrate the idea of gender roles stereotypes that had emerged during that era through his style of making this film, which is broken down into four categories. Hitchcock uses his editing, mise-en-scene, sound, and cinematographic style to show the stereotypical gender roles in this movie.Show MoreRelatedPortrayal Of Gender Stereotypes Of Children s Television Commercials1639 Words   |  7 Pages Portrayal of Gender Stereotypes in Children’s Television Commercials. Liuyi Bian University of Florida Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in gender portrayal in children’s television commercials. The hypothesis that stated, if an observed television program is determined to be intended for girls, then the colors used in the commercials would be predominantly intended for girls, is strongly supported. To do content analysis, we first gathered a sampleRead MoreCompare And Contrast Wonder Woman And Wonder Women1070 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion II – Compare and Contrast: Wonder Woman and The Incredibles Throughout this semester we had been discussing the portrayals of mentally ill patients via mainstream media, and how their impressions on the world through the eyes of popular culture sort of filter our vision amongst them. In successfully doing so, we then shifted toward another objective: the portrayals of gender stereotypes in both typical and atypical ways, primarily as a result of popular culture and mainstream media depictionsRead MoreManifestation of Latin-American Gender Roles in American Media1220 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Manifestation of Latin Gender Roles in American Media Objective The objective of this study is to examine the manifestation of Latin gender roles in American Media. Towards this end, this study will examine the literature in this area of inquiry. Introduction Gender roles are reported to be generally defined as sex-based categories that specify appropriate rules of conduct for males and females in a particular culture or society. Although grounded in biological differences between males andRead MoreFeminism And Gender Roles By Margaret Atwood1518 Words   |  7 Pagesare numerous portrayals of feminism and gender roles. There are underlying hints of distaste towards the female sex role and the predatory, aggressive behaviour of men towards women. The suppression of women is portrayed and analyzed, and Surfacing manages to tackle the theme of gender roles by exploring through the perspective of the female narrator how women are marginalized in many aspects of their lives. . Surfacing makes a case for strong women that defy stereotypical gender roles and portraysRead MoreThe Stereotypical Portrayal Of Women1587 Words   |  7 PagesTo young college aged women: The stereotypical portrayal of women in media is a problem that needs to be und erstood and solved. This problem is often overlooked because it is encompassing a lot to deal with. Women are used as sexual objects in the media everywhere, and we need to understand how to deal with the issue. A large source of media that is used are advertisements, which are everywhere in our daily lives. These advertisements can make women feel degraded and objectified. Young women seeRead MoreAnalysis Of Disney Princess Films848 Words   |  4 Pagesoppressive gender messages. They find fault with the princesses serving as role models for young girls. Though, when one attentively scrutinizes the movies and compares the individualities of the princesses to the progressive woman of their time, one may obviously see the positive messages. While looking specifically at Disney princesses, the characterization of females and their roles can be described in a few ways. One, the original portrayal of Disney princesses is the stereotypical damsel-in-distressRead MoreReality Tv Shows That Portrays The Relationship Between Men And Women Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pageswomen. One of these reality TV shows includes Cheaters, which was first aired in 2000 and continues to exploit rocky relationships on TV today. Popular reality TV shows gives a depiction of what some of the norms of society is as well as the unchanged roles of women and men. Discussion The 1980’s consisted of several historical events and societal changes that have been relived though the lyrics of many young hip-hop artists. Of the numerous genres of songs, hip-hop has been labeled asRead MoreHow Heteronormative Gender Roles Are Reinforced Through Socialisation Of Popular Media? Essay1460 Words   |  6 Pagesreflecting stereotypical gender roles and cultural meanings in society. The cartoon, created by Hillenburg, conveys subliminal messages of binaries, gender roles and hierarchy. Through the characters, this essay will observe how heteronormative gender roles are reinforced through socialisation of popular media. However, closer examination also reveals a refreshingly positive and progressive attitude towards gender roles. On the one hand, characters are portrayed conforming to gender role expectationsRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Printed Media on Gender Roles1672 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide a sense of identity (even if it is a negative one!) Stereotypical judgements and stereotypical media representations can (and often do) lead to different treatments of groups by other groups, (sadly, often quite discriminatory). If we define ‘male’ and ‘female’ all we are doing is a biological classification, but if we think about the terms ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ we have to think about certain roles and lifestyles. Put simply, the words have very specificRead MoreAfrican American Women Have A Long History Of Being Political Activists958 Words   |  4 PagesCary, and Ida B. Wells were fighting for racial, social, and gender equality since slavery and the Emancipation Proclamation. Whether it is in print culture or in public culture African American women have continuously protested the treatment of African Americans and women in America. Yet, the presence of women (especially African American women) was not welcomed in America’s public domain. In fact, it deviated from acceptable gender roles. Women on the public stage receiving spotlight for their

Management Commentary Effectiveness

Questions: Task 1Critically evaluate the effectiveness of management commentary, such as Strategic Reports, in helping users to get a better and clearer understanding of an entitys past performance and future prospects. Task 2Critically analyse, from an investors viewpoint, Cineworlds revenue generated, profit or loss earned and earnings per share. Answers: Task 1 Strategic Reports Introduction The strategic report is prepared for Cineworld Group plc. The utility of strategic reports can be explained in relation to Cineworld Group plc. Cineworld Group plc is a group of cinema chain, which operates in Ireland, United Kingdom and Jersey. The cinema chain group is lead by Anthony Bloom, Chairman of the group and Moshe Greidinger, Chief Executive of the group and is headquartered in London in United Kingdom. Thus, taking this company into account the usage of strategic reports is explained from annual reports of the company for the year 2013. As per the strategic reports presented by the Directors of the company for the financial year 2013, the principal activities of the business are explained and reviewed. The main strategy of the company is to give the customers the prime importance, provide them with a great experience, and improve the overall efficiencies and effectiveness and to maintain the growth of the estate. The revenue of the Group, which includes the Picturehouse b rand, is 406.1 million in the financial year 2013, the net profit before tax of the Group, which includes the Picturehouse brand, is 30.9 million in the financial year 2013 and the EPS of the Group is 22.6 p in the financial year 2013 (Cineworld-plc.production.investis.com, 2015). Aims of Strategic Reports The Financial Reporting Council aims to promote the quality of corporate reporting and governance. FRC strongly believes that the entities should be encouraged to prepare a good quality strategic report. This strategic report will provide the stakeholders with a meaningful and holistic picture of the entitys business strategy, model, performance, development, future prospects and position. Stakeholders generally include the owners, shareholders, investors, creditors, suppliers and the public in general, who are essential for the entity to achieve its aims and objectives (Adair, 2011). Purpose of Strategic Reports The strategic report is prepared as per the guidance of the FRC. The purpose of the strategic report is to provide the shareholders with specific information about the company, which will help the shareholders, analyze the performance of the directors of the company related to exercising their duty of achieving successful outcome for the company. In the strategic report, the collective view of the directors is reflected. The financial statements are complemented by the information available in the strategic report. Strategic report complements the financial report by providing the information about the entitys business and its performance, development and overall financial position, which generally are not reported in the financial statements. This information available in the strategic reports help the shareholders evaluate the past results and based on it they assess the future prospects. The strategic reports also help in providing more information about the amounts recorded in th e financial statements and provide explanation about the events and conditions, which will shape the information given in the financial reports (Barrow, 2011). Materiality of Strategic Reports The annual report and more importantly the strategic report should contain the information, which is important for the shareholders. So, when the financial information whose misrepresentation or omission can adversely affect the financial decisions of the shareholders then that is known as the material information. In this context, the concept of materiality can be explained on basis of its magnitude. The materiality is assessed for the strategic report and the review should be made annually to ensure that the information given in the strategic report have the materiality in relation to the constant change in the economic and social environment (Berk and DeMarzo, 2011). Communication Principles of Strategic Reports The communication principles of the strategic report are important in the sense because it helps in guiding the qualitative characteristics. The qualitative characteristics given in the strategic reports of the company are- It should be balanced, fair and understandable.It should show the negative and positive aspects of the performance, position, development, future prospects and results of the company. The information given in the strategic reports should be unbiased and open. This will prevent the misleading of information to the shareholders. The report should be simple and understandable. This means that the report should consist of simple languages and all financial jargons should be minimized as possible (Bratton and Brudney, 2012). In order to improve its presentation the report may include the use of graphical, pictorial and tabular methods to represent the financial information better. The strategic report should be concise as well as comprehensive. Comprehensiveness generally focuses on including that information in the strategic reports, which will help the shareholders understand the financial performance and position of the company. It suggests that it is not necessary to include all the information and instead stock to the relevant information (Brealey, Myers and Marcus, 2012). Conciseness on the other hand focuses on including and providing all the information through efficient communication methods. The orientation in the strategic report should be more forward looking. The information provided in the strategic report should be in context to the entitys performance. The disclosures of the information should be made in connection to the regulatory requirements and the informations nature. In addition, the presentation and structure of the strategic reports should be assessed annually in order to maintain that the objectives of the company could be meeting in an effective and efficient manner. The annual report and its content should also be annually reviewed for maintaining continuous relevance (Cineworldplc.com, 2015). Objectives of Financial Reporting- The total revenue of the Group, which includes the Picturehouse brand, is 406.1 million in the financial year 2013, which is 13.2% higher than that of 358.7 million in 2012. The total revenue or sales revenue is calculated for the past 52 weeks. The total earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization or EBITDA of the Group, which includes the Picturehouse brand, is 72.3 million, which is 8.1% higher than that of 66.9 million in 2012. The total EBITDA is calculated for the past 52 weeks. The adjusted pro-forma profit before tax of the Group is 44.7 million in the financial year 2013, which is 10.4% higher than that of 40.5 million in 2012. Pro-forma profit before tax is calculated for the past 52 weeks (Hargreaves Lansdown, 2015). The net profit before tax of the Group, which includes the Picturehouse brand, is 30.9 million in the financial year 2013, which is 19.3% lower than that of 38.3 million in 2012. The net profit before tax is calculated for the past 52 weeks (Hillier, 2013). Some other objectives are- The market share of the box office of the Group in Ireland and UK is 27.4% in 2013, which is higher than of 26.4% in 2012. The market share of Cineworld Cinemas increased by 0.7 percentage points i.e. in 2012 it was 24.7% and in 2013, it was 25.4%. As per the proà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœforma basis, the Group admissions increased by 1.4% as compared to 2012. The average ticket price per admission increased to 3.2% i.e. in 2013 it became 5.43 as compared to 5.26 in 2012. The average retail spends per person also increased in 2013 to 1.83 as compared to 1.73 in 2012. As per the right issue a dividend of full year of 10.1p per share, it shows a growth of 6.3% in the cash dividend. Those shareholders whose rights constitute as the rights issue part made on 14 February 2014 enjoy this benefit (Hirt, Block and Danielsen, 2011). In addition, it opened nine new cinema halls in Wembley, ten new cinema halls in Gloucester Quay and reopened the Glasgow IMAX Science Centre as the new Cineworld Cinema. Previously the Group opened two new Starbucks outlets and in the year 2013, it opened nine more Starbucks outlets, which brought the total to 11 such outlets. On 10 January 2014, the Cineworld Group made an agreement with the Cinema City International N.V. or CCI, related to some cinema assets, which was finally completed on 27 February 2014 (Holden, 2012). Competitor Analysis Some of the competitors of CineWorld are Vue, Showcase, Empire, Odeon and Others. As per the total revenues earned by all the cinema halls, a pie chart is prepared. The total revenue earned by Cineword in 2013 is 29%, Vue in 2013 is 17%, Showcase in 2013 is 12%, Empire in 2013 is 20%, and Odeon in 2013 is 22%. Future Prospects As per the strategic reports, the success of the entertainment industry and more precisely of the Cineworld Group is based on good cinema slate in the coming years. Although in 2014 no 50m-plus films is slated for release but it has a quite a few good movies from famous franchisees, which is likely to generate the revenue according to that of 2013. Also major cinema hall chains in Ireland and UK are now using digital projection facility to its viewers. Cinema chain groups specially the Cineworld Group Plc. are seeking to increase their annual return from investment by increasing their flexibility in digital advertising, film scheduling and digital projection, which provides a wider opportunity by event cinema. The future prospects of Cineworld Group Plc. can be achieved by using its effective business model (Jordan, Westerfield and Ross, 2011). Business Model As per the business model, the films offered in the cinema for the viewers should be of better quality. As per the business model, the customers are delivered with better services by offering comfortable, clean, proper running facilities in a well-placed location. As per the business model, the Group is also generating revenue from other sources like screen advertising and retail sales. As per the business model, the Group also aims to provide better movie viewing experience to its customers to ensure repeat visits. This could be done by delivering a variety of films, retail offering as per the customers tastes and a good quality venue. Along with this, the group also provide membership initiatives and schemes to help in repeat visits (Fridson and Alvarez, 2011). The above business model can help Cineworld achieve its organizational and business objectives. Summary The study mainly focuses on the strategic report of the Cineworld Group. In the strategic report of the company, the stakeholders are provided with a meaningful and holistic picture of the entitys business strategy, model, performance, development, future prospects and position. Stakeholders of the company include the owners, shareholders, investors, creditors, suppliers and the public in general, who are essential for the entity to achieve its aims and objectives. Some of the highlights of the strategic report of the Cineworld Group includes the The total revenue of the Group, which includes the Picturehouse brand, is 406.1 million in the financial year 2013, which is 13.2% higher than that of 358.7 million in 2012. The net profit before tax of the Group, which includes the Picturehouse brand, is 30.9 million in the financial year 2013, which is 19.3% lower than that of 38.3 million in 2012. The market share of the box office of the Group in Ireland and UK is 27.4% in 2013, which is higher than of 26.4% in 2012. The average ticket price per admission increased to 3.2% i.e. in 2013 it became 5.43 as compared to 5.26 in 2012. As per the right issue a dividend of full year of 10.1p per share, it shows a growth of 6.3% in the cash dividend. Along with the financial performance of the company, its financial prospects of the company are also discussed. Task 2 Introduction The income statement of Cineworld is prepared and its detailed analysis is done. For analyzing the income statement of the company, Cineworld Group PLC., the accounting ratios is analyzed. From the ratio analysis, it can be understood that the operating income margin is increasing in 2013 as compared to 2012 and all other ratios are showing a decrease in the profitability and coverage position of the company group from 2012 to 2013 due to the increase in its operational expenses (Ross, Westerfield and Jordan, 2013). Therefore, the Group believes that although 50 million films will not be released in 2014, but some good movies from big franchisees will be released in 2014. This will help the company make huge revenue from its ticket sales, retail sales and screen advertising. The adjusted pro-forma diluted earnings per share or EPS of the Group is 22.6 p in the financial year 2013, which is 7.1% higher than that of 21.1 p in 2012. Pro-forma diluted earnings per share or EPS is calculated for the past 52 weeks. The diluted earnings per share or EPS of the Group are 13.8 p in the financial year 2013, which is 27.4% lower than that of 19 p in 2012. Diluted earnings per share or EPS are calculated for the past 52 weeks (Taillard, 2013). Income Statement The income statement of a company is known as the Statement of Profit or Loss and other Comprehensive Income. An income statement is the type of financial statement, which is used to show the total sales revenue earned by the company and the total expenses incurred in the carrying out the production process. The difference between the total revenue and the total cost is known as the net income earned during the financial year (Libby, Libby and Short, 2011). Cineworld Group PLC (CINE.L) Income Statement Annual Data All numbers in Millions Period Ending 26-Dec-13 27-Dec-12 Total Revenue 406.1 358.7 Cost of sales -293.3 -263.9 Gross Profit 112.8 94.8 Other operating income 0.5 0.3 Administrative expenses -75.8 -51.1 Operating profit 37.5 44 Analyzed between: Operating profit before depreciation, impairments, reversals of impairments and amortization, onerous lease and other non-recurring or non-cash property charges, transaction and reorganization costs, defined benefit pension scheme indexation gain, and refinancing costs 72.3 66.9 Depreciation and amortization -24 -21.5 Onerous leases and other non-recurring charges -0.7 -1.6 Impairments and reversals of impairments -2 -0.3 Other non-recurring income 2 Transaction and reorganization costs -8.1 -1.1 Defined benefit pension scheme past service costs -0.4 Finance income 0.3 0.3 Finance expenses -6.8 -6.9 Net change in fair value of cash flow hedges reclassified from equity 1 Net finance costs -6.5 -5.6 Share of loss of jointly controlled entities using equity accounting method, net of tax -0.1 -0.1 Profit on ordinary activities before tax 30.9 38.3 Tax charge on profit on ordinary activities -9.9 -10.8 Profit for the period attributable to equity holders of the Company 21 27.5 Basic earnings per share 14.0p 19.2p Diluted earnings per share 13.8p 19.2p For measuring the income statement of the company mainly, the profitability ratios are used. Some of the profitability ratios and other accounting ratios used here are- Gross Profit Ratio- This the ratio between the total gross incomes divided by the total sales revenue. It indicates the total sales percentage available for the cost of production and sales and the profit generated from the deduction of the cost from the sales. GP Ratio= Gross Income or Profit/ Total Revenue from Sales *100 Period Ending 26-Dec-13 27-Dec-12 Gross Profit 112.80 94.80 Total Revenue 406.10 358.70 Gross Profit Ratio 28% 26% The gross profit ratio of the company shows that with the increase in sales and gross income the gross profit margin has increased from 26% in 2012 to 28% in 2013 (Kensinger, 2011). Operating Profit Ratio- This the ratio between the total operating incomes divided by the total sales revenue. It indicates the total sales percentage available for the cost of production and operating expenses and the operating profit generated from the deduction of the administrative expenses and addition of the other incomes to the gross profit. OP Ratio= Gross Income or Profit/ Total Revenue from Sales *100 Period Ending 26-Dec-13 27-Dec-12 Operating Profit 37.50 44.00 Total Revenue 406.10 358.70 Operating Profit Ratio 9.23% 12.27% Unlike, gross profit margin, the operating profit margin is decreasing from 12.27% in 2012 to 9.23% in 2013. The main reason behind this fall in the operating profit margin is the comparatively higher increase in the administrative expenses (Lumby, 2011). Net Profit Ratio- This the ratio between the total net incomes divided by the total sales revenue. It indicates the profit per sales pound after all the required expenses are subtracted from the sales revenue. The net profit margin is used to measure the actual profit condition of the company. NP Ratio= Net Income or Profit/ Total Revenue from Sales *100 Period Ending 26-Dec-13 27-Dec-12 Net Profit 21.00 27.50 Total Revenue 406.10 358.70 Net Profit Ratio 5.17% 7.67% Like, the operating profit margin the net profit margin is also decreasing from 7.67% in 2012 to 5.17% in 2013. The main reduction in the net profit margin is because there is an increase in the overall value of all the expenses required to bear the sales operation (McGuigan and Moyer, 2012). Earnings per share- The net earnings per share are used to show the net profit after taxes on each of the outstanding shares of the companys common stocks. If the company instead of common stock has preferred stock then the preferred dividends should be subtracted from the net profit. As in this case, the earnings per share of the company group are available from the income statement given in the annual reports. Thus, the basic and diluted earnings per share are- EPS= Net Profit/ Total number of shares which are outstanding Period Ending 26-Dec-13 27-Dec-12 Basic earnings per share 14.0p 19.2p Diluted earnings per share 13.8p 19.2p AS from the above table, the EPS of the group is decreasing from 2012 to 2013. In 2012, the basic EPS was 19.2 p, which decreased to 14 p in 2013, and the diluted EPS was 19.2 p, which decreased to 13.8 p in 2013. The main reason behind the decrease in the EPS is the fall in the net profit of the Group for the year 2013 due to a high increase in the expenses (Moles, 2011). Interest Coverage Ratio- This kind of ratio is used to indicate the ability of the company to cover the interest that will be needed to be paid on the debt taken by the Group. The interest coverage ratio is useful to measure the efficiency of the company to pay its interest expenses from its profit. Interest Coverage Ratio=EBIT/ Interest Expenses Period Ending 26-Dec-13 27-Dec-12 EBIT 37.50 44.00 Interest Expenses 6.80 6.90 Interest Coverage Ratio 5.514705882 6.376811594 The interest coverage ratio of the Group has decreased from 6.38 times in 2012 to 5.51 times in 2013. The decrease in the interest coverage ratio is in connection with the decrease in the net profit of the company. A decreasing interest coverage ratio means that company is finding it difficult to cover its interest expenses from its net income for the year (Parrino, Kidwell and Bates, 2012). Return on Equity- The ROE is used to measure the profit percentage that the company group will earn on the shareholders equity. If preferred stock is the source of equity then the dividend is subtracted from the net profit. ROE=NPAT or net profit after tax/ Shareholders Equity Period Ending 26-Dec-13 27-Dec-12 Net Profit 21.00 27.50 Shareholders Equity 193.90 188.60 ROE 11% 15% The ROE of the company in 2013 was 11% and in 2012, it was 15%. The ROE of the group has decreased from 2012 to 2013, which resulted in less earnings of the company from its stockholders equity (Ramsden, 2011). Return on Assets- The ROA is used to measure the profit percentage that the company group will earn on the total assets. The total assets include the current assets and the fixed assets. ROA=NPAT or net profit after tax/ Total Assets Period Ending 31-Dec-13 31-Dec-12 Net Profit 21.00 27.50 Total Assets 486.90 477.80 ROA 4% 6% The ROA of the company in 2013 was 4% and in 2012, it was 6%. The ROE of the group has decreased from 2012 to 2013, which resulted in less earnings of the company from its total assets (Robin, 2011). Conclusion The profitability position of the company is explained using the profitability ratios, which shows that the company is successful in maintaining a stable profit growth. Some of the ratios used here are Gross Profit Ratio, operating profit ratio, net profit ratio, earnings per share, ROE and ROA. From the annual reports of Cineworld Group PLC, the income statements are considered for analyzing the Groups profitable structure and its overall financial performance. The income statements of the Group are analyzed by using the accounting ratios (Jain, Singh and Yadav, 2013). References Adair, T. (2011).Corporate finance demystified. New York: McGraw-Hill. Barrow, C. (2011).Practical financial management. London: Kogan Page. Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P. (2011).Corporate finance. Boston, MA: Prentice Hall. Bratton, W. and Brudney, V. (2012).Corporate finance. New York: Foundation Press. Brealey, R., Myers, S. and Marcus, A. (2012).Fundamentals of corporate finance. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Cineworldplc.com, (2015).cineworldplc.com. [online] Available at: https://www.cineworldplc.com [Accessed 26 Jun. 2015]. Cineworld-plc.production.investis.com, (2015).Home. [online] Available at: https://cineworld-plc.production.investis.com [Accessed 26 Jun. 2015]. Fridson, M. and Alvarez, F. (2011).Financial statement analysis. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Hargreaves Lansdown, (2015).Benefit from an award-winning investment service. [online] Available at: https://www.hl.co.uk [Accessed 26 Jun. 2015]. Hillier, D. (2013).Corporate finance. London [u.a.]: McGraw-Hill. Hirt, G., Block, S. and Danielsen, B. (2011).Corporate finance foundations. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Holden, C. (2012).Excel modeling in corporate finance. Boston: Pearson. Jain, P., Singh, S. and Yadav, S. (2013).Financial management practices. New Delhi: Springer. Jordan, B., Westerfield, R. and Ross, S. (2011).Corporate finance essentials. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Kensinger, J. (2011).Research in finance. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Libby, R., Libby, P. and Short, D. (2011).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Lumby, S. (2011).Corporate finance. London: Cengage Learning. McGuigan, J. and Moyer, R. (2012).Contemporary corporate finance. [Mason, Ohio?]: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Moles, P. (2011).Corporate finance. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Parrino, R., Kidwell, D. and Bates, T. (2012).Fundamentals of corporate finance. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Ramsden, P. (2011).Financial Management. London: Hodder Education. Robin, J. (2011).International corporate finance. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Ross, S., Westerfield, R. and Jordan, B. (2013).Fundamentals of corporate finance. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Taillard, M. (2013).Corporate finance for dummies. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Antiwarriors essays

Antiwarriors essays Antiwarriors: The Vietnam War And The Battle For America's Hearts And Minds. By Melvin Small. (Wilmington, DE, Scholarly Resources Inc, 2002. pp. 163). The antiwar movement during the Vietnam Conflict was the most effective and long lasting of all the antiwar movements in American history. Up to that point, no other war has generated as much anarchy as much as Johnson's and Nixon's decisions to battle in Vietnam did. "Although never able to create enough pressure on decision makers to end U.S. involvement in the war, it served as a major constraint on their abilities to escalate...In many ways, the movement's greatest importance was its legacy." (1) There are still many unanswered questions revolving around this movement and its lasting effects though. How did it get to be as effective as it did? What were its lasting effects that can still be felt today? Who did the movement actually benefit at the time? All of these questions have two sides to them and may not be able to be answered from both sides at this point in history, but Melvin Small's "Antiwarriors" attempts to answer these questions. "Antiwarriors" is divided into nine chapters. Chapter one describes the origins of the people involved in the movement as well as the general reasons for different groups getting involved. The second chapter outlines the Americanization of the war and where, when, and to what extent the movement began and the exact reason why. The next two chapters chronicle the rise of the movement in relation to the escalating battles and deaths involving Americans overseas in what seems to be a war America need not be involved in. Chapters five and six both illustrate the ways the movement tried to pressure the presidents directly, with the main difference in those chapters being chapter five was involving President Johnson while chapter six involved President Nixon. Chapters seven and eight experienced and decline in battles with the Communis...

Guns, Money and Politics Notes #1 Essays - Democracy, United States

Guns, Money and Politics Notes #1 Essays - Democracy, United States Federalist No. 10 written by James Madison was a series arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution. Published on November 22, 1787 .it is titled, "The Same Subject Continued: The Utility of the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection". No. 10 addresses the question of how to guard against "factions", or groups of citizens, with interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of the whole community The question of faction Federalist No. 10 continues the discussion of the question broached in Hamilton's Federalist No. 9. Hamilton there addressed the destructive role of a faction in breaking apart the republic. The question Madison answers, then, is how to eliminate the negative effects of faction. He defines a faction as "a number of citizens, whether amounting to a minority or majority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community". He identifies the most serious source of faction to be the diversity of opinion in political life which leads to dispute over fundamental issues such as what regime or religion should be preferred. However, he thinks that "the most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property. Those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society". He saw direct democracy as a danger to individual rights and advocated a representative democracy in order to protect what he viewed as individual liberty from majority rule, or from the effects of such inequality within society. Madison's arguments Madison first assessed that there are two ways to limit the damage caused by faction: either remove the causes of faction or control its effects. He then describes the two methods to removing faction: first, destroying liberty, which would work because "liberty is to faction what air is to fire", but it is impossible to perform because liberty is essential to political life. The second option, creating a society homogeneous in opinions and interests, is impracticable. The diversity of the people's ability is what makes them succeed more or less, and inequality of property is a right that the government should protect. Madison particularly emphasizes that economic stratification prevents everyone from sharing the same opinion. Madison concludes that the damage caused by faction can be limited only by controlling its effects. He then argues that the only problem comes from majority factions because the principle of popular sovereignty should prevent minority factions from gaining power. Madison offers two ways to check majority factions: prevent the "existence of the same passion or interest in a majority at the same time" or render a majority faction unable to act. Madison concludes that a small democracy cannot avoid the dangers of majority faction because small size means that undesirable passions can very easily spread to a majority of the people, which can then enact its will through the democratic government without difficulty. With pure democracy, he means a system in which every citizen votes directly for laws, and, with republic, he intends a society in which citizens vote for an elite of representatives who then vote for laws. He indicates that the voice of the people pronounced by a body of representatives is more conformable to the interest of the community, since, again, common peoples decisions are affected by their self-interest. He then makes an argument in favor of a large republic against a small republic for the choice of "fit characters" to represent the public's voice. In a large republic, where the number of voters and candidates is greater, the probability to elect competent representatives is broader. The voters have a wider option. In a small republic, it would also be easier for the candidates to fool the voters but more difficult in a large one. The last argument Madison makes in favor of a large republic is that as, in a small republic, there will be a lower variety of interests and parties, a majority will more frequently be found. The number of participants of that majority will be lower, and, since they live in a more limited territory, it would

Critically appraise the changing role(s) of management accountants Essay

Critically appraise the changing role(s) of management accountants - Essay Example It is obvious that as over the years business and corporate world has evolved and gone through many changes thus management accountants being part of this system would also face transformation in their roles. It is the versatility that is being demanded today therefore a professional cannot limit or restrict itself to its particular job. It is a fact that today management accountants face many challenges especially competition from other managers as they are performing multiple jobs. Therefore the aim of this report is to highlight how the corporate world has evolved over the years; how it demands changes in the role of management accountant and what are the factors that have contributed to these changed roles. As the business world changes so have the roles of professionals that are involved in it however some are the factors that have necessitated the changes in the roles of management accountant they are discussed as follows: A very rapid technological development is witnessed, use of computers and accounting and analytical software allows the management to keep record, provide information, issue reports and even perform analysis. These advanced software and ease in access to the internet management accountant to perform more sophisticated analysis and decision support activities. These software are often automated they just require data entry and have made accounting departments more of an information providers rather participators in the decision making. Therefore this advancement in technology requires the management accountant to modify their roles and gain some extra skills. Business world has seen exceptional rise in competition different strategies and steps are taken to respond and sustain in the market. The major focus of the organizations has been on increasing the production and quality of the products and services that they provide. This shift in priorities

Discuss how an understanding of the biology of insect pests assists in Essay - 1

Discuss how an understanding of the biology of insect pests assists in the control of stored product pests - Essay Example Due to the heavy economic damage caused by these pests, it is important to identify the biological characteristics of these pests in order to formulate effective strategies of eliminating them in our premises. This paper discuses how understanding of the biology of insect pests assist in the control of stored products pests. Characteristics of insects Entomologists and biologists have researched on different characteristics of insects including those infesting stored products. Examples of insect pests that infest stored products include grain weevils, grain and flour beetles, spider beetles, flour moths, mites and psocids among others (Heikki et al 1996). According to Robinson et al (2007), insects exhibit distinct physical, reproductive, and behavioural characteristics that enable them survive and multiply in different habitats. The major defining characteristics of insects are three pairs of legs, three body regions including the head, thorax and abdomen. In addition, insectsâ€⠄¢ bodies are usually enclosed in an endoskeleton (Robinson et al 2007). Because they have jointed appendages, insects are classified under bigger animal group called arthropod (Robinson et al 2007). Many insects have wings for locomotion, and others use their legs to crawl on surfaces. Another defining characteristic of insects is that they develop from eggs. They go through different stages called metamorphosis after hatching until they become full-grown adults. Insects undergo complete or incomplete metamorphosis (Isaac, & Rami, 2009). Complete metamorphosis comprises of four stages, namely egg that hatches into larvae, then pupae and later an adult develops from the pupa stage. Incomplete metamorphosis comprises of three stages, namely egg, nymph and adult (Isaac, & Rami, 2009). Another defining characteristic of insects is that they breathe through spiracles that are located in the thoracic and abdominal cavity (Heikki, et al 1996). The body of insects is relatively small and i t varies in shape and colour depending on the particular species. In addition, insects have one pair of antennae that is used as sensory organ to detect smell, temperature, and other forms external stimuli (Robinson, et al 2007).Insets have different feeding habits and they have specialized mouthparts adapted to suit a particular feeding method. For instance, insects that suck blood from animals or sap from plants have long sharp proboscis. Others that feed on stored products such as grains have different mouth parts, such as mandibles and sharp tooth like structures to enable them feed on the particular stored food material (Isaac, & Rami, 2009). Methods of controlling stored product pests Entomologists have developed different methods of eradicating insect pests infesting stored products basing on their biological characteristics. However, Jack and Nancy (1999) note that no method is 100% effective and a combination of several techniques are applied. Some of the methods used to co ntrol insect pests include insecticides such as fumigants, biological control, sanitation, drying stored products, temperature regulation among other methods. Fumigants work by interfering with respiratory process of insects in large and medium sized storage premises (Jack, & Nancy, 1999). According to Heikki et al (1996), fumigants are volatile and toxic chemicals and they kill the pest by suffocating. Chemicals applied in fumigation are effective at killing insect pests in different stages of metamorphosis. Biological information about these pests is

Motorcycle industry in Thailand Essay Example for Free

Motorcycle industry in Thailand Essay Thai motorcycle industry entered in Thailand since 1964. There are four main players in this industry including Honda, Yamaha, Kawasaki, and Suzuki. Even there are not much competitors but the competition among them are fierce. Thai market for motorcycle is in maturity stage. This makes the players have to use strong strategies to possess market share. The dominant player in this industry is Honda For customer analysis, among four leader players they quite focus customer similar group. It might be because nature of product is suitable to certain group of people. However, they try to differentiate by focus niche group with new lifestyle. The common target group is teenager to working age. This result in the way they communicate to each target group. As motorcycle is product that are high value so the level of consumer involvement decision are high as well. People try to study what advantages and disadvantage of each model in each brand. Nevertheless, point of purchase in the sale point pays important role. As we can see from the retail show room, promotions broad are very attractive and different among the shops. Therefore, customers can not make decision from their home. Dealer in show room encourage customers to visit the shop to meet direct sale person for the information. For competitive analysis, the players are keeping develop themselves particularly many strategies. Honda has the most capacity and sales while other competitors also grow continuously. They have different strength points. For example, Honda is the 1st Fuel injection system applied while Yamaha is 1st produced automatic type of motorcycle and 1st produced Eco Motorcycle. For future trends, in short term, it will not much change in position of leader but they will try to focus target customer narrowly and differently. For long time Thai market might decline. However, sale will go constantly but not jump high because people will buy new motorcycle when they want to replace the old one. Motorcycle Industry Motorcycle industry in Thailand is growing dramatically. It is because proper geographical and economic structure. Particularly geographic, Thailand has a popular over 65 million people. The areas are flat for the most part. For some rural area it is much better to use motorcycle and in the big city with heavy traffic jam motorcycles have become the most convenient vehicle for quick travel. Thai motorcycles industry was monopolized by the Japanese four brands are Yamaha, Honda, Kawasaki, and Suzuki. History First stage: Import parts for assembly (1964-1977) – CKD stage In 1964 Board of Investment (BOI) got a policy to promote producing motorcycles in Thailand to replace imports. In 1966 Siam Yamaha Co. ,Ltd is the first company which established motorcycle assembly factory. Thai Honda Manufacturing Co. Ltd began to operate as the second factory in next year. Then in 1968 Thai Suzuki motor Co. ,Ltd was third motorcycle manufacturer in Thailand. Later in 1971 the market was sluggish including increasing the number of import used motorcycle. Therefore, the government announced the policy to prohibit import used motorcycle. In the same year, the government got the first motorcycle industry policy. The significant issue is the assembly motorcycle manufacturer have to use parts from domestic 50 percent of all parts within 2 year since the announced date(3 November 1971) to be competitive and suspension establish motorcycle plants within 5 years from announced date(3 November 1971) to accomplish economy of scale. Until the end of the announcement in 1976 Thai Kawasaki Motor Co. ,Ltd established as the forth assembly plant. In 1977, the government required the existing motorcycle producer use at least 70 percent local parts within 2 years. As for expand and new factory must use parts from local at least 70 percent since start the operation. Moreover, Industry ministry had a policy to assign motorcycle plants to produce motorcycle with cylinder capacity not exceeding 125 cc to meet the needs of the market and to take advantage of economies of scale (Economy of Scale) as well. Table 1: Details of the motorcycle manufacturers in Thailand in 1977 Honda Suzuki Yamaha Kawazaki Total Capacity (unit per year) 49,920 87,360 72,000 25,000 234,280 Capital (million Baht) 20 18 9 5 52 Employment(person) 134 304 566 100 1,104 Source: Bank of Thailand Second stage: Began producing parts in 1978-1987 Localization In 1978 there was a prohibited import motorcycles and raised import tax to some particular motorcycle from 40 percent to 60 percent including transportation and insurance. The result of prohibited import and force to use parts inside country was the producers increase their capacity. In 1980 the total capacity was 338,000 units per year which higher 103,720 units per year from 1977. However, this policy provided producers with higher production costs because of not proper economy of scale and quality of parts in non standard. As the producers can choose types of part as they want so parts did not improve and late improve. Therefore in 1984 the government allowed operators to use such parts gradually until 70 percent of the total value of the component in January 1986. In 1984 the government collected special tax for motorcycle that import in special case 20 percent of duty to be paid. It increased from the original import tax 60 percent of price and increased import duty from 30 percent to 40 percent. As for promoting the production of parts in the country, government regulations require that manufacturers of motorcycle must use exhaust systems following industry standard. They also allowed only factories that are promoted by Board of Investment (BOI) can expand a manufacturing plant or permission to establish a factory to produce engine cylinder capacity not exceeding 150 cc. The protection of motorcycle industry policy during this period lead to the production of motorcycles increased from 190,779 units in 1978 to 310,083 units in 1987 , with a total production capacity in 1986 was 480,000 units, including the production development and launch new style of motorcycle to market to have more choices. Table 2: Details of the motorcycle manufacturers in Thailand in 1980 Honda Suzuki Yamaha Kawazaki Total Capacity (unit per year) 96,000 108,000 109,000 25,000 338,000 Rate of capacity utilization 70. 1 86. 5 95. 7 75. 8 84. 0 Capital (million Baht) 20 18 9 5 52 Employment(person) 335 460 1,378 120 2,293 Source: Bank of Thailand Third stage: Producing important parts (1988-1997) – Key Parts Supplier This period the government continued to enforce parts of the country are 70 percent of the total value of raw materials. The result promoting investment allowed manufacturers to use motorcycle engines produced in the country in 1989. In 1993 Board of Investment BOI promoted for 4-stroke motorcycles to help reduce pollution from exhaust and in the first investment the company is Kajiwa Motorcycles C. ,Ltd, a joint venture with Italy, its annual production capacity of 70,000 units . Moreover, government began to take care of consumers’ benefit by control price of motorcycle and protect monopoly. Government assigned producers must report production cost and procurement approach since 13 December 1980 onwards The motorcycle industry continued to grow at a high rate. Until it can produce up to 1. 6 million units and capacity utilization rate reached 90. 4 percent in 1995, driven primarily by the demand for motorcycles both inside and outside the country. As well as the effect of the protection of the government helped Thai producer improve their capacity and ready to support the growth of demand Forth stage: Extending cooperation to the producers parts (1998-2001) Agglomeration In this period, the manufacturers of all types of part occurred in Thailand. This included the types of electronic components. The manufacturers were not only the first Tier but also include the second tier. This made high competitive among the producers who produced the same types in same time they had to meet the QCD standard (Quality-Cost-Delivery). That was the producers must produce the quality with low cost and on time delivery. Consequently, 2001 Thailand motorcycle industry could produce one million units and consumed the local parts (Local intent) about 90 percent. In addition, government changed the policy of protecting domestic industry to require the products to be safe and do not destroy the environment. Fifth era: export and research and development (RD) (2002 – present) Late 1990s was the period that government reduced the protection industry which was the result of a free trade agreement between the countries in 1996 revoked the ban on importing new motorcycle and canceled enforcement components produced domestically and un-enforced engine production in the country. In the fifth, Thailand became the production base of motorcycles in the region. Not only production to consume in country but also exported. In 2005, Thailand exported Complete built up (CBU) and Complete Knock down (CKD), including more than 1. 3 million units Furthermore, Japanese motorcycle manufacturers began to apply research and development, technology transfer from Japan to the recipients of investment, such as Thailand. One reason for the need to apply research and development was because during this time retailer price was strong. Therefore, in order to compete, manufacturers need to reduce production costs but the Japanese motorcycle manufacturers had strict production conditions that using quality raw material. This could lead to lower production costs by applied research and development to reduce the losses in the production process. Figure 1: Show the motorcycle industry, production, sale in the country and export in Thailand in 1972 2011. Market Analysis Market Size Total motorcycles sales for the domestic industry reached 2,130,041 units in 2012, of which 1,062,494 or 50% were AT motorcycles. Family motorcycle achieved sales of 981,865 units, accounting for 46% of total of sales last year; followed by 32,726 units for on- and off-road types, accounting for 2%; and 32,083 units for sport motorcycles, accounting for 2%; and another 20,899 units of other types of motorcycles. Figure 2: Show market share by types of motorcycle Figure 3 demonstrates market share divided by motorcycle companies. Honda is the dominant player who possess market share 74% of the market. The second player is Yamaha gain 19%. For Suzuki and Kawasaki earn 3% and 2% respectively. Another 2 percent belong to other brands including Triumph, Ducati and Tiger Figure 3: show market share base on players in the market Thailand Motorcycle is divided into two categories based on the appearance which are Moped and Sport. Most motorcycles are moped with engine sizes from 100 to 125 cc while Sport got engine 250 cc. Thailand produces about 90 percent of Moped. The rest of the production is Sport type. It is consistent with sale of Moped are higher than Sport motorcycle. In 2004 Moped motorcycles were produced most 2. 86 million unit. Figure 4: Show production and sales of motorcycles in Thailand divided by type of vehicle in 1990 -2011 (in thousand units). Source: TAI Market trend Thai motorcycle industry already exists in Thailand 49 years since 1964. Product life cycle of motorcycle spend long time. Many are of the opinion that the Thai motorcycle market begins to a stage of saturation, but it has not lowered competition among manufacturers. On the contrary, the competition is as fierce as ever despite the small number of major players compared to the automobile market. This situation encourages the players have to launch new interesting product on the time. Fashion and lifestyle are used to create emotional though the products. Many motorcycle companies try to adapt themselves to serve consumers to get beyond function of motorcycle but show consumer’s lifestyle. Thailand is a country with a large market size motorcycle. The holding motorcycle proportion is 4 people per vehicle. The current version of the motorcycle in Thailand has begun to be economic model. The opportunity to expand the domestic market began to decline. Current sales are the purchased to replace old vehicles. This may result in decline ability to attract investment to Thai motorcycle industry. Situation of Thai Motorcycle Industry From the 1990s onwards the motorcycle market in Thailand continued grew. Until the economic crisis in Thailand in 1997 (Asian financial crisis or Tom yum kung crisis) made motorcycle sales volume decreased significantly. The sales originally sold about 1 million vehicles per year, and dropped to about half million in 1998. Nevertheless, only 2-3 years after the economic crisis, the motorcycle market the sales volume increased continuously in 2001 sold about 907,100 units and 1. 3 millions later in the next year. The volume of sales back to the original level before the economic crisis of the countrys motorcycle market is growing by the year 2005, the volume of sales to 2. 11 million vehicles most. For 2012, the sale climbed to 2. 13 million which was higher than 2005. In 2007-2009, the sales dropped due to great recession which affected the entire world economy. After the global recession, the sales continued to increase year by year. To increase sales motorcycle manufacturers try to promote sale with many ways. Figure 5: show sale volume of Thailand Motorcycle 1993-2012 Strength and weakness of Thailand for investment in Motorcycle industry (compare to ASEAN country) Strength Weakness Public utility and transportation system are equipped Investment benefits received from the government Quality and technology motorcycle production base Law conducive to investment Market size is smaller and get in saturation stage Social and politic stability are decline Higher wage Shortage technician level labor Thai motorcycle industry has a lot of strength over competitors. The manufacturers are convenient doing business and operation. Although labor costs are higher than other neighbor countries, other good strength can reduce the other costs such as management cost, business operation, transportation, and distribution costs. Thai motorcycle market also provides sufficient standard quality for exporting to developed countries such as Japan, USA, and UK. At this point Thailand should maintain the standard and improve the existing strengths. In term of develop public utility and transport system, although Thailand are quite ready, other neighbor countries also continuously improve particularly Indonesia and Vietnam. There are probably in the future both countries will replace this advantage. Thailand should correct the weakness particularly maintain social and political stability. It becomes the major issues which affect the investors’ confidence including country’s direction in short and long term. In term of labor issue, they should improve skill of labor to compensate with higher wage. As Thai motorcycle market get into saturation stage however they can expand investment to export in order to maintain the motorcycle production base for the future. Five Force Model Analysis Industry Competitors and Intensity of Rivalries Rivalry among competitors in the motorcycle industry is relatively intense. While each major competitor has its own market niche, price discounting, new product introductions, advertising campaigns, and innovations in motorcycle technology consistently fuel rivalry between firms. Rather than competing based on price, the major players in the motorcycle industry tend to compete based on services and features. Each major company offers different types of products targeted to different consumer segments. There is a high level of differentiation between classes of products and brands, causing high switching costs for consumers. Accessories and parts are produced for one specific brand. In addition, margins are not low, and the product is not perishable. Because of these factors, competition does not tend to gravitate towards price as much as other factors. Even though price is not the main basis of competition in the motorcycle industry, the intensity of competition is very high. The industry is composed of five distinct leaders, each of which is large and has high brand equity. Because the industry lacks a definitive leader, rivals end up poaching each other’s business. Additionally, the sheer number of competitors in the market in addition the main five creates an abundance of purchasing options for the consumer and cause heavy competition. Rivals in the motorcycle industry have diverse approaches and ideas on how to compete. While one company might believe that adding new features to their products will help boost sales, another company might believe that increasing speed capabilities will be more beneficial. Another company might believe that offering easy financing is the key. Bargaining Power of Suppliers. A number of motorcycle manufacturers involved in the industry in such a way that the pyramids upside down and the motorcycle manufacturers and parts suppliers are related to link backwards (Backward Linkage Effect) Motorcycle productions of Japanese manufacturers in Thailand (Big 4) are the leaders of the market including Japanese producer’s parts. Thai producers’ parts are 15 percent of the value of purchasing all the parts of the motorcycle. The producers must have potential to produce to meet QCD standard. For local content, it found that Japanese manufacturers use more than 90 percent of material and electronic parts from Japan. For the 1st Tier of part manufacturers are mid-sized businesses and joint ventures with foreigners who mostly are Japanese. In the 1990s, these are called OEM12 production until mid- 1990 onwards, as manufacturers of motorcycle parts can purchased from other foreign countries with cheaper price. This pressure affect on the first tier manufacturers to improve efficiency of product design and development capabilities. For the 2nd and 3rd Tier of producer parts are small enterprise owned by Thai people. Technology in capable of producing is quite low. The manufacturers in this group will sell parts to the first tier, including one for a replacement (REM14) both locally and abroad. Bargaining Power of Customers The vast majority of the motorcycle industry’s customer group consists of individual consumers. Motorcycle customers are only mildly price sensitive. Since a motorcycle is a relatively expensive item and therefore a significant fraction of income, buyers are likely to seek a favorable price. Also, since motorcycles are usually a luxury purchase, the intention to buy one indicates the willingness to spend a significant amount of money. More importantly, customers are much more sensitive to quality and brand image than price. A motorcycle purchase is a reflection of one’s identity and influences how others perceive them. Threat of New Entrants The maturity, large number of competitors, and high capital requirements needed to enter the motorcycle industry make it a fairly unattractive industry for new competitors to enter. A more complete and detailed analysis of the seven barriers to entry will show the motorcycle industry to be a hostile, unreceptive environment for new entrants. As a mature industry, current competitors enjoy the benefits resulting from economies of scale. Established motorcycle producers have the luxury of lower costs per unit because they can allocate their fixed costs to a larger number of products. New entrants do not have as large of a demand and must distribute their costs over a smaller quantity. Because of this, individual costs per unit are larger, resulting in a higher product price. Besides the difficulty new entrants find in attracting customers, another deterrent to entry are the high capital requirements demanded by the industry. Characteristic of a mature industry, price is no longer a differentiating factor among similar product offerings by different competitors. Leaders in the motorcycle industry, such as Yamaha, now differentiate their products by providing â€Å"high-value-added products† at their own dealerships. For new entrants to enter the market and take away current market share from existing competitors, high capital investments in infrastructure, dealerships, development of new products, and promotions targeting specific customer segments are required. High capital requirements, increasing demand, and specialized products are factors contributing to the high barriers to exit the industry. Current competitors holding the majority of the market share are hesitant to leave the industry because of the positive industry outlook and niche markets each have carved out for themselves. With few companies leaving the industry, it leaves very few market segments untapped and available to new entrants. Substitutes When analyzing the competitive threats on the motorcycle industry as a whole, the motorcycle trade association members must keep in mind three main substitutes of motorcycles: bicycles, undersized cars, and public transportation. Each of these substitutes can be further broken down into subcategories. Each category is considered a substitute for motorcycles because it either satisfies at least one of three costumer needs that motorcycles satisfy, or it gives the costumer something that motorcycles do not offer. Though the levels of threats posed by each category of substitute differ greatly, the motorcycle trade association members must be sure to address each of them when deciding where to go from here. Most importantly, keep in mind that these threats are ever present, and if the various motorcycle manufacturers do not act soon, they will risk losing customers throughout the coming years. First of all, it is important to understand what motorcycles do for buyers because this sets up a framework for the underlying motivation behind the purchase of any type of motorcycle. Since the motorcycle industry is responsible for designing and manufacturing about seven different kinds of motorcycles, or other automatic two-wheel vehicles, several customer needs are met by each category: means of transportation, low fuel costs, environmentally friendliness, recreational activity, and â€Å"cool factor. † In addition, we will analyze another factor that motorcycles lack compared to potential substitutes – safety. Bicycles are also a threat to the motorcycle industry based on a few critical factors. First, as two-wheel transportation vehicles, they are similar in basic function to motorcycles, satisfying the consumer need of basic transportation from point A to point B. The reason why bicycles make viable alternatives to motorcycles is related to the consumer’s need to spend less money. Bicycle owners incur zero gas mileage costs, making this alternative the most environmentally friendly option. To be technical, the only real costs associated with bicycles are the upfront purchase, maintenance, optional accessories, and human labor. In addition, bicycles satisfy the consumer’s need for recreational activity similar to motorcycles. Anyone from the average consumer to the avid biker can use a bicycle as an alternative means of outdoor recreation. Compact cars and hybrids (Eco car) are the final and most influential classification of substitutes that pose an immediate threat to the motorcycle industry. Overall, both types of cars present high switching costs to the consumers. For the consumer who is interested in switching to a motorcycle, high switching costs could be a highly motivating factor to not buy a motorcycle at all. Hybrids are primarily substitutes because they satisfy the customer’s need for a fuel-efficient mode of transportation. For many consumers, increased safety is a motivating factor in buying a compact car over a motorcycle Public Transportation can be one alternative for travel to destination such as boat, taxi, BTS, and bus. People would like to take public transportation to help them in many advantages. For example, in Bangkok traffic is so jam. People actually prefer BTS or MRT to travel to avoid traffic as well as more convenience. Another example is people who avoid hot weather and want to keep their appearance during the way to go to office. They might prefer taxi instead of motorcycle. Key Success Factors 1. Quality Quality is a key in this industry because it is vehicles that need safety. The manufacturer must comply with required product standards. A key success factor for a firm operating in this industry is their ability to design and develop products that comply with legal standards. Products that do not meet standards are not able to be sold on the market 2. Design. Consumers tend to focus on design and feature which suitable with their lifestyle. The manufacturers attempt to offer new products to serve with every life style especially, automatic motorcycle. Motorcycle Companies do research in studying consumer behavior to know what consumers prefer and focus what consumer need. 3. Technology and save energy In this economic situation, people tend to look for the most worth product. Manufacturers should keep abreast of latest technological advances in various components and parts, as well as technical and performance characteristics. 4. Distribution center. Distribution center or show room is the one that open way to consumer easily access purchase. This is the reason why companies improve image of dealer show room around country. They also increase number of store into small city because in small cities people still need to use motorcycle in daily life. As well as develop the show room to be one stop service which can serve after sale service. 5. After sale service and activities Many consumer give importance to the after sale service because motorcycle is durable goods that consume time to use. Some consumers use their motorcycle more than 5 years. After sale service include service mind, price, and time of taking care as well as parts to repair. For the activities, this topic includes consumer relationship and sale promotion because it is important factor that motivate consumer buy the products. Point of purchase plays important role such as low down payment, free 1 baht gold and zero percent installment payment. Factor that affect change 1. Minimum wage Thai government announced the policy to increase minimum wage to be 300 baht. This increase wage cost 80% of average minimum wage. This policy is very significant to Thai labor market. It provides both advantages and disadvantages. For the advantage, the policy help all labors in Thailand earn more income. Human being gets better because people have more money and they can spend a lot in the market including purchasing new motorcycle. As a result to number of sale in 2012 were more than 2. 1 million units However, there is also drawback. The manufactures have to pay more cost including wage and also more expensive parts. Price of parts are getting higher particularly middle size and small size because of small economy of scale 2. Technology Technology is one factor that affects change of the motorcycle industry. As for Honda, the market leader change motor of all models to be fuel injection system since 2008. Honda change production line to serve this innovation. This affects all players to change as well. Yamaha is the second player who changes to fuel injection system to be 62 percent and carburetor still use 38%. So, Yamaha sent the first automatic injection was spark 135i. For the second model, Yamaha tried to serve woman need. They launched Fiore which uses automatic engine with a genius injection  technology YMJET and DiASil Cylinder that make it less fuel consumption. While Suzuki also produce with electronic petrol injection. Therefore, the players in this industry have to improve all the time and do research and development in order to offer the better solution to consumers. 3. Disaster effect After Thailand has suffered with big flood in 2011, Thai motorcycle industry is one industry that gets direct effect from this situation. Factories have got damage in many areas. They have to recover their factory and create protect system to cope for unexpected disaster. However, it did not affect much to sale because consumers want to buy new motorcycle to replace the damage one. Sale of whole market tends to increase as trend. 4. Economic In this economic situation, people tend to save money and careful in spending. World economic is also unstable. The causes are from many effects such as public debt in EU. US economic has not recovery yet and fiscal cliff and world political. Back to consider Thai economic, cost of living keep increasing. Consequently, people are carful in spending. They will study information and get involve to consider before buy product particularly motorcycle. 5. AEC opening As Thai motorcycle industry is in saturation stage, the leader players try to go to other country in AEC. The motorcycle producers will use Thai as production base and export to our neighbor countries. This issue encourages Thai have to improve themselves especially skill workers both technician and language skill. Table 3 shows the potential if the motorcycle manufacturers want to run business in each country. Table 3: Population, income, number of motorcycles in the ASEAN Country Number of resident in 2009(million) Income per person to the purchasing power between countries 2009 (US$). Number of motorcycle (thousand) Number of persons holding one motorcycle Indonesia 243. 3 3,830 28,000 9 Philippine 92. 2 3,900 2,983 31 Vietnam 87. 3 2,700 20,366 4 Thailand 67. 8 5,990 16,549 4 Myanmar 50. 0 1,290 1,630 31 Malaysia 28. 3 13,740 8,903 3 Cambodia 14. 8 1,820 75120 Laos 6. 3 2,060 n. a. n. a. Singapore 5. 1 47,940 147 35 Brunei 0. 4 50,200 12 33 Asean 596 4,520 80,000 (Round) 7   2008,   2007 Source: Population Reference Bureau, CEI. Collected and calculated by Kasikorn Research Customer Analysis Customer is one of the most important drivers for business success. Most business try to serve goods and services according to customer wants and needs to meet the customer satisfaction and become well-known brand recognized. Moreover most of them are concern more about turn general customer to be their customer loyalty too. So, understand customer behavior is needed for business development. Consumer behavior An analysis of consumer behavior is affected by a host of variables ranging from personal, professional needs, attitudes and values, personality characteristics, social economic and cultural back ground, age gender professional status to social influences of various kinds exerted a family, friends, colleagues, and society as a whole. The combination of these factors help the consumer in decision making further psychological factors that as individual consumer needs, motivation, perceptions, attitudes, the learning process, personality characteristics are the similarities which operates across the different types of people and influence their behavior. With competition in the motorcycle market continually increasing, understanding customers’ attitudes and behavior is critical to maintaining and growing market share and profitability. The conclusions of consumer behavior while buying motorcycle are: 1. Maximum motorcycle users belong to 18 to 25 years age group and most of the users are college students and field workers. 2. Maximum motorcycle users belong to middle class and upper middle class segment 3. These are the reasons for buying two wheelers: Good mileage and convenience Business purpose Cost effective Comfort drive in crowd and easy parking College going purpose Short distance travel in city Affordable price. Personal vehicle 4. As far as mileage per liter of petrol is concerned. 5. Reasons for not buying scooter: It has low mileage and low fuel efficiency. It has problem with controlling, balancing and breaking on speed. Old style and old fashion It is not good for long drive and not a comfortable drive. It doesn’t match the young person’s dynamic personality 6. Almost all the people give preference to stylish outlook, control, mileage, efficiency brand image before buying motorcycle. 7. Television advertisement, road hoardings and road shows are the major source of information which affects motorcycle purchased. 8. Family members and friends are main initiator, for purchasing a motorcycle. 9. All the people are satisfied with the functioning of their motorcycle. 10. Regarding spare parts of motorcycle, they are cheaper and readily available in the market.

GCSE War Poem :: English Literature

GCSE War Poem â€Å"The Charge of the Light Brigade† and â€Å"For the Fallen†, are both poems about war. â€Å"The Charge of the Light Brigade† written by Alfred Tennyson on 14th November 1854, describes an event in the Crimean war. Britain and France were concerned that Russia may power southwards, so they attacked Russia at Balaclava. â€Å"For the Fallen,† was written by Laurence Binyon on September 1914, during the war with the intention of showing the reader the reality of war, in particular, Binyon takes a non-biased approach, demonstrating positive and negative consequences, of dying for one’s country. The two poems are similar because in both, the soldiers are brave and prepared when going to war and portray the soldiers as heroes. The differences are â€Å"For the Fallen† was written in the past tense and â€Å"Charge of the Light Brigade† is written in the present. In addition, Tennyson’s poem has a lot of action in it but Binyon’s poem is a view of soldiers after they die. â€Å"The Charge of the Light Brigade† is about 600 men who charged into an ambush of Russian and Cossack cannons. This happened because the commander mistook orders and told the men to charge into the Russian main base. Over two-thirds of the soldiers die, while in the midst of battle. Binyon’s poem is about men who all die in war. Binyon compares their lives to what they would be like if they had lived and how their deaths are regarded by other people. The first stanza of Tennyson’s poem creates an image of horses galloping forward: â€Å"Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward† Repetition reflects exhaustion because it is laborious. The next line tells the reader that the Light Brigade are the ones who are going to be defeated: â€Å"All in the valley of death†, By using a metaphor, which exaggerates a point, Tennyson is emphasising the fact that they are going to lose. The poet shows how he feels towards the soldiers. He is feeling bravery and stupidity for the Light Brigade. Bravery because no soldier turned back and rode away and no one questioned the command, â€Å"Charge for the guns†. He shows the stupidity by repeating â€Å"Valley of death†, because the soldiers are riding to death and Tennyson is commenting on the lack of questioning to an irrational command. In stanza three, the Light Brigade are in the peak of battle. Repetition of â€Å"Cannon† all around them creates a picture of an ambush. In the next two lines the cannons are firing fiercely. Tennyson uses alliteration to emphasize the impact the cannons are having. â€Å"Stormed at with shot ad shell†