What Is The Takwa Settlement History Essay

What Is The Takwa Settle workforcet History EssayTheTakwa drop downment is situated on the to the south side ofManda Island, in theLamu Districtin the coastal province ofKenya. They argon the ruins of a Islamic townshipshipsfolkship which was aband mav set aside round the 18th nose candy.The Takwa locate can be easely reached fromLamutown. The ruins were first excavated by James Kirkman in 1951. In 1972 the site was cle ard again under the supervision of James de Vere Allen, the conservator of the Lamu Museum.Takwa was never a too mountainous bulge. It was founded around family 1500, and likely aband hotshotd around 1700. Kirkman thought that it was perhaps a place were sanctified men or sacred tidy sum retreated. The Great Mosque at Takwa is relatively sur portray keep ond. The former(a) structure remaining of importance is the Pillar grave, which has an inventory with the naming of 1681-1682. It is reported that when Takwa was aband stard, its inhabitants settle d just across the bay atShelaonLamu Island. Twice a stratum the battalion of Shela come to the Pillar Tomb in Takwa to pray for rain. (Martin, p. 27) The Takwa Ruins were designated a Kenyan National deposit in 1982.mu ArchipelagoFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaLamu ArchipelagoMap ofKenyashowing the islandsLamu IslandLamu townsfolkShelaMatondoniKipanganiManda IslandManda Town TakwaManda aerodrome public opinion poll IslandFaza pate TownRulers of Pate-Bwana Mkuu-Bwana Tamu-Fumo MadiSiyuKizingitiniShanga Kiwayu Island Administrative warmheartedness archaeologicsite realism Heritage SiteTheLamu Archipelagois located in theIndian Oceanclose to the compass northern coast ofKenya, to which it be considerables. The islands lie between the towns of weakandKiunga, close to the border withSomalia, and is a break away ofLamu District.The largest of the islands argonPate Island,Manda IslandandLamu Island. littler islands includeKiwayu, which lies in theKiunga Marine National Reserv e, andManda Toto. To daylight the largest town in the archipelago isLamu Town, onLamu Island. The town is on the universe of discourse Heritage List.The archipelago contains several archeological/historic sites of great significance, much(prenominal) asTakwaandManda Town( two onManda Island) andShanga(onPate Island). Some run by dint of been parti exclusivelyy excavated in later geezerhood, shedding Copernican new light onSwahilihistory and nicety.The islands argon reputed to be one of the western to the highest degree ports of call of the greatChinesefleet ofZheng He, or flat to be the resting place of a wreck of one of his ships. No say evidence has yet been discovered of his prattle, although it is known that he visitedMombasa, further polish the Kenyan coast, in around 1415.editReferencesAllen, James de VereLamu, with an appendix on archaeologic finds from the region of Lamu by H. Neville Chittick.Nairobi Kenya National Museums.Lamu town is the oldest living Swahili town in Kenya, comparable to others such as Zanzibar in Tanzania. The town get winds thorn to at to the lowest degree the 12th nose candy. Since this time Lamu has flourished as a marine trading centre whose main population, the Swahili, engaged in international trade, seek and farming. The architecture of Lamu is unambiguously Swahili, with its narrow passages, storied buildings, intricately carved woody doors and numerous mosques.Lamu is also unique in that it is host to three museums and a Fort with an impressive exhibition space, namelyLamu Museum,Lamu Fort,German Post attitude Museum, andSwahili House Museum. Lamu Museum can arrange guided tours to various archaeological and historical sites, whether to neighbouring Manda Island or further afield to Pate Island, where the ruins of the earliest known Swahili settlement of Shanga dated to the 8th century AD can be visited.Lamu friendshipThe Lamu Society was varianceed in the early 1980s to offer a forum for ideas a nd projects that would encourage the conservation of the island residential argonas historic material culture. The Society has been implemental in raising funds and assisting in the work required to document, preserve and restore aspects of earlier time periods and hence in the development of theLamu Museum.The Societys publications concentrate on the history and preservation of the islands heathenish heritage, whilst its periodic newsletter informs members nigh events and ongoing aspects of interest.Religious CentreSince the 19th century Lamu has been regarded as an weighty religious centre in atomic number 99 Africa. Every year, thousands of pilgrims from the region cumulus to Lamu town for the famousMaulidi,or Milad-un-Nabi, celebrations that ar held during the third month of the Muslim calendar to mark the birth of the Prophet Muhammed. The East AfricanMaulidiis believed to have been started by Habib Swaleh Jamalely, a Comorian Arab who emigrated to Lamu and established himself as a scholar and doctor of conventionalistic Arabic medicine. He was a pious man whose deeds be still emulated today, as exemplified byMaulidi. TheMaulidicelebrations are known to bring people from as far as the Comoros, Sudan and Democratic country of Congo.Lamu Heritage AttractionsLamu is a dominant cultural centre reputable for its historic past and traditional socio-cultural traditions. As such visitors to Lamu can enjoy a large and divers(prenominal) collection of heritage and cultural attractions. At the district level, Lamu has the remains of umpteen heritage sites. These range from towns, like Shanga, Pat and Manda to ascorbic acids of monuments, like Siyu Fort. Some of these sites, such as Manda, are easily accessible, while others are located in thick vegetation making access difficult. The development of access to these areas is shortly cosmos addressed by the sites management team.Lamu was listed as a World Heritage Site on the 14 declination 2001. This landmark status came after 28 eld of strict conservation of Lamu Old Town. As a national monument the town has mevery fascinating architectural qualitys, unrivalled by any other Swahili town along the East African littoral. The old town has approximately 532 theater of operationss. About 496 of these houses are in private owned, 23 are considered public and 13 are religious buildings chiefly mosques.The town has survived the pressure of modern destruction and development by both government and private developers. The towns well-conserved architectural setting of narrow streets, divided by blocks of lined houses, has fascinated many visitors. Perhaps of most appeal are the stone walled houses in which flat roofs are supported by miscellaneous mangrove poles.The interior of a typical Lamu house is divided by two or three long galleries, with at least one or two self-contained rooms. The walls are covered with geometric affix designs and wall niches. Lamu town has several build ings of importance including the Lamu Fort andYumbethe former house of a Lamu Sultan. Aside from Lamus physical heritage the town has a full-bodied living culture. For almost a century, each calendar year sees Lamu deluge with religious tourists from across the globe, here to attend the popular Maulidi Festival.About 20,000 religious tourists come to the town to attend this Festival, during the Islamic month ofRabil awal. The climax of the Maulidi celebrations comes in the final week of this month. At this time various traditional Swahili dances from the neighbouring towns of Pat, Siyu, Ndau, Faza and Matondoni are hosted at the Riadha Mosque grounds to entertain the pilgrims. Taking advantage of the colourless week ofmfungo sita, (Rabil awal) Lamu Museum also arranges a series of cultural events, such as traditional dhow races,baogames, donkey races, henna painting and Islamic calligraphy competitions.typically during the month of August, though occasionally occurring later in th e year, Lamus second large festival is held. TheLamu Cultural Festivalis organised by the Lamu Cultural forwarding Group. It is a three-day Swahili cultural festival that combines traditional dances, indoor and outdoor cultural activities and an exhibition of Lamus wealthy material culture. The Cultural Festival, like the Maulidi, also draws crowds as large as 20,000.Lamu Old Towns museums and fort are maintained and managed by the National Museums of Kenya. These are the Lamu Museum, known for its exquisite Swahili ethnography exhibits the Swahili House Museum, a restored 18th century house, reflecting the lifetime of privileged Lamu Swahilis the Lamu Fort, built in 1814 by Bwana Zeid Ngumi the last Sultan of Lamu and the German Post Office Museum, showing the home office when it was operational in the late 19-20 th Century.Lamus material culture is surpass shown by its carved doors and traditional furniture which can be viewed all over the town. There are almost 18 woodcarvin g workshops in Lamu mainly producing Swahili doors, furniture and smaller artefacts, such as the miniature dhows that are popular with tourists. One of the busiest workshops in the town is the Skanda Woodcarving Workshop, this was receptiveed close to 50 years ago and is credited with having trained hundreds of woodcarvers who are now scatter all over Kenyas major towns. Visitors are welcome to view woodcarving classes at the workshops. There are also gift and curio shops scattered around the Old Town, selling quality local anesthetic items.One of the reasons for Lamus inscription on the UNESCO heritage list is its unique social-cultural life, which has remained relatively unchanged for centuries. A traditionally conservative lifestyle is still maintained by many Lamu households. Lamus feminine Muslim population still predominately wearbui buis,and donkeys remain the major form of transport in the town.The ruins of Takwa are located on Manda Island, a 30 minute boat ride from La mu town. Here one can run into the remains of a thriving 16th century Swahili trading post. Among the more(prenominal) notable features at Takwa is the unique Friday Mosque with a large tower atop the qibla wall while the significance of the linchpin is not known with certainty, fewer believe it to symbolise the burial of a Sheikh below the wall. A days visit is quite a a unique experience, and can be complimented by a picnic or overnight camping.LocationThe ruins of Takwa are located on the southeastern corner of Manda Island opposite Lamu. A 30 minute boat ride from Lamu Town. Its geographical localization principle on lay out is at Grid Reference 186 476, Sheet 180/4.Historical scopeTakwa ruins are the remains of a thriving 15th and 16th century Swahili trading town before it was abandoned in the seventeenth century. It is not only important be pass water of its period of occupation but also because of its slow settlement and its relatively well preserved remains. The unique Friday Mosque with a large pillar a top the qibla wall is among the most notable features. This pillar is believed to symbolize the burial of a Sheikh be low the wall.The mental attitude of the site at the narrowest location on the whole island, was most probably a strategy. Takwas position/location with shallow waters must have been of considerable importance especially during its peak, when many of the sails that came into view were likely to be hostile. Therefore access to the site must have been primarily from the shallow channel which could only admit vessels of shallow draft.Takwa eventual abandonment in the 17th century was ascribable to salination of the once fresh water and fadeless fighting between Takwa and Pate people. These ruins were gazetted as a National Monument in 1982 in Gazette notice No. 1514. At present, Takwa is open daily to the Public. It is a very pleasant place for a perfunctory visit, which can be complimented by a picnic and overnight campin g.Takwa is a settlement between three hundred and five hundred years old unmodified by subsequent constructions. The remains of the walled stone town of Takwa are located at a point where Manda Island is almost bisected by a tidal channel flanked by mangroves. Although Takwa is located only a couple of(prenominal) hundred meters from the sea, there is neither a good harbour nor saved anchorage on the ocean side. The shallow channel was likely the best access to the site, as it is today, although only for vessels of shallow draft when the tides are favourable.A major aspect of the settlement is the town wall, of chromatic rag construction, which go to a full height of about three meters and is best viewed whole in the southern areas of the site. The remains of Takwa within the wall cover about 5 hectares and consist of a mosque, houses, a well and structures with perhaps religious or commercial functions. In addition, there are the spaces created by the location of structures, s uch as courtyards, streets and other open areas. All structures were built of coral rag, quarried locally, and set in mortar made of earth, sand and lime.The street, although obscured by rubble today, is significant for the amount of town planning manifold at least five houses with sides on the street are directly aligned with it, and all in the plan are affected by it. Likewise the street leading south directly to the mosque is orientated with an error of less than one degree off contemporary magnetic north hardly an accident. It is elicit to consider that upon leaving the mosque, the faithful stepped onto a street aimed directly at Mecca.Pillar tombs are one of the unique architectural features of the East African coast, and Takwa is justifiably known for its fine example, located just a few meters past the north gate. An inscribed block is set into the north face of the tomb wall. The block calls to Allah, Muhammed, and the first four caliphs, AbuBakar, Umar, Uthman and Ali. At the bottom of the inscription is the Arabic date 1094, which measures that many years from Muhammeds hijrah, or move, from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622. As the Muslim year 1094 began on December 31, 1682, this date corresponds to the Christian year 1683. The tomb is still considered sacred to the Muslim people of Shela, few of whom are believed to have come from Takwa and who visit the tomb twice a year to pray for rain.The Takwa mosque is located some the geographical centre of the site, reflecting the central place of Islam in the religious and social life of many in the community. The mosque is characterized by an unusual and striking pillar, which rises from the centre of its north wall. It is possible that the mosque is located on the site of the tomb of a revered person. The pillar, as a characteristic feature of the coast, may have been placed on the mosque in memorial of the burial site. The ruined remains of about 55 structures occur north of the mosque, with about an e qual number to the south.Takwa may have been abandoned due to repugnance from nearby Pate, whose ascendancy began about three hundred years ago. Perhaps trade competition contributed to the site abandonment, or possibly Takwa became involved in the rivalry between Lamu and Pate, which might explain why some of the Takwa people asked to settle at Shela on Lamu Island. Another likely cause for abandonment was the inferior water supply, for the wells at the mosque and near the pillar tomb are salty today. It might have been easier for the Takwans to resist hostility from Pate than to endure the increasing salinity of their life-sustaining wells.Artefacts found during excavations in the 1979s include numerous pottery vessels both locally produced and imported for provision and storage, a b subscribe to oven, glass beads, spindle whorls, a glass flaskful of unknown use, fragments of a smoking pipe, fish and mammal bones suggesting a varied diet, and finished iron implements and iron slag indicating blacksmithing on site.This is a rich inventory of artefacts but it nevertheless only reflects what has not perished in the archaeological take down. No cotton or other cloth has survived. almost all wood is gone, probably moved to Shela, which, considering contemporary woodcarving is likely quite a loss. Leather products such as purses, belts and sandals have all decayed, and especially valuable items would have been removed as the people left Takwa. raze with the interesting picture of Takwa known from archaeological research, we are still futile to gain a complete piciture of the sites history.A safari to Takwa A visit to Takwa National Monument is a very pleasant way to shed a morning or afternoon, or even an entire day with overnight camping. Visitors may leave Lamu or Shela by sailing dhow or motorboat, cross Lamu Harbour to Manda Island and enter a narrow channel flanked by mangroves. Although at high tide boats and dhows can reach the very end of the cha nnel, it is best to be prepared to wade a few meters through ankle or knee deep salt water. Far from being dangerous or uncomfortable, this approach makes you feel like an explorer, setting the mood for entrance into the serene and majestic ruins.Physical description and climateThe Lamu Archipelago is a small group of island situated on Kenyas northern coast line, near Somalia. It is made up of Lamu, Manda, Pate and Kiwayu Islands. Lamu Town is the headquarters of Lamu District, one of the sixsome districts of Kenyas Coastal Province, which borders the Indian Ocean to the east, the Tana River District to the south-west, the Garissa District to the north and the Republic of Somalia to the north-east.Temperatures range from 23 to 30 degrees celsius throughout the year. The hottest months are form December to April, while the coolest are from May to July. There are also long rains from mid-April to the end of June.Commerce brought the East African coast into contact with nonadjacent peoples and cultures as early as two thousand years ago. The earliest known historical records the 1st Century ADPtolemys Geography talk of the coast, its inhabitants, and the trade. Arab merchants began to settle permanently between the 9th and 12th centuries, bringing with them a new religion, Islam. They referred to the people they found there by various names, including Swahili, which meant people from the coast. Over the years, the traders intermarried with the local people and some Swahilis trace their origins to the Arab populace.The Old Town of Lamu is first mentioned by the Arab writer/traveller, Abu al Mahasini, who met a Qadhi (Muslim Judge) from Lamu when visiting Meca in 1441. Lamu flourished as an single-handed city-state and remained a thriving seaport through the turbulent Portuguese invasions, its Omani domination during the 17th century and battles with the neighbouring islands of Pate and Manda. Under Omani security department and with a slave based economy, Lamu remained prosperous for over two hundred years until the 19th century. It was during this period that Lamus inhabitants built most of the traditional coral stone houses and mosques that still stand today, using coral stone and mangrove timber from the archipelago, and employing skilled craftsmen from India.To the Muslim world the banter Maulid (the Arabic word for birth) is often spoken in reference to the Prophet Muhammeds (Peace Be Upon Him) birth. However, in Eastern African and the Indian Ocean region, Maulidi or Milad-un-Nabii (Birth of the Prophet Muhammed, PBUH) is the holy celebration of the birth of Prophet Muhammed, which lasts the full month of Rabi al-Awal and a few weeks before and after.A Maulid itself is any ceremony in which the Prophet is venerated. For that reason, it is understandable why there is controversy over when and where the first Maulid was recited. The most lucid record states that the first public celebration took place in Egypt cd years after the death of the Prophet in the eighth century during the Fatimid dynasty, after which Maulidi was celebrated in Mecca and since has caught on in many other countries in this part of the world. Again there is no precise record of when it began in East Africa, but it is clear Maulidi has been here for centuries.The person who is prudent for how Maulidi is presently celebrated is Swaleh ibn Alwy ibn Abdullah Jamal al-Lail or Habib Swaleh. Born in the Comoros Islands of an Arab father and Comorian mother, Swalehs family are Sharifs. He was the first to include instruments at the Maulids he hosted and was criticized for it. After some years, Swaleh was recognized as a man of the people and a value leader in the community, and they began to follow his example and join in his celebration. At that time no Mosque allowed instruments to be played inside, so he founded the Riyada Mosque and the Mosque College in 1901. To this day, the students of Riyada College lead the recitation, and the Riyada itself is the heart of the festival continuing his legacy.Though it is a month-long celebration, the most important and observed time is sunset on the 11th of Rabi-al-Awal until cluck on the 12th. The Maulid is recited for that entire span of time, as it is on the actual date of the Prophets birth. During the last week of the month, in Lamu, there is a four-day long festival. This begins on the Tuesday and ends on Friday. Since 1990, the National Museums of Kenya has sponsored the gala in Lamu. They organize various community building competitions such as swimming, dhow races, henna competition, tug-of war, and donkey races.Amidst the festival, in homes and in mosques, the people of Lamu recite one of four Maulids Sharaful-Anam, Maulid ya Dibei (ya Rama), Baranzanji, and Simt-al-Durar (String of Pearls). The Maulid ya Rama is written and recited in Kiswahili, the others in Arabic. The most commonly read are the Baranzaji, written by imaum as-Sayyid Jafar ibn Hassan ibn Abda l Karim al-Barazanji (1690-1766), and the Simt-al-Durar, the most recent, written by Khatib Habib Ali Ibn Muhammad al-Habshy (?-1915) from Saudi Arabia. These Maulids can best be described as religious poetry, based on the history and life of the Prophet, with lines and concepts from the Hadith and the Quran.A Maulid can be read at any important event or milestone. In the Swahili tradition, it may be read one to two weeks after the birth of a child, during the shaving ceremony. They are also performed at weddings and less frequently at funerals.Muslims all of the world add their own variations and culture to the recitation. Of all of the major cities and ports in this part of the world, East African Muslims choose Lamu to visit and observe this special time. The uniquely Swahili music, dance, and rituals here are unlike any others. Lamu is a town rich in culture, history, and traditions and will most likely continue to host the biggest Maulidi on the East African coast.LamuFrom Wiki pedia, the free encyclopediaLamu Old Town*UNESCO World Heritage SiteView of the seaside, Lamu TownStatePartyKenya fiberCulturalCriteriaii, iv, viReference1055 share**Africa history historyInscription2001(25thSession)*Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.**Region as classified by UNESCO.Lamu ArchipelagoMap ofKenyashowing the islandsLamu IslandLamu TownShelaMatondoniKipanganiManda IslandManda Town TakwaManda AirportPate IslandFaza Pate TownRulers of Pate-Bwana Mkuu-Bwana Tamu-Fumo MadiSiyuKizingitiniShanga Kiwayu Island Administrative CentreArchaeologicalsiteWorld Heritage SiteLamu townis the largest town onLamu Island, which in turn is a part of theLamu ArchipelagoinKenya.Lamu town is also the headquarters ofLamu Districtand aUNESCO World Heritage Site.table of contentshide1History2Economy3Sights4 check off also

Understanding Of How The Counselling Works Sociology Essay

Understanding Of How The Counselling Works Sociology EssayCounselling has been defined by the British Association for Counselling and Psych another(prenominal)apy (BACP, 2009) as talking therapy, which promoter a contractual arrangement amidst the therapist and the leaf node where they meet, in secrecy and confidence, to explore a difficulty or distress the invitee whitethorn be experiencing (p. 1). It head for the hillss through the development of a cure kinship whereby the counsellor actively and attentively listens to the leaf node in order to exonerate insight and understanding into the difficulties the guest is confronted with, from the nodes perspective. Using different techniques, the counsellor gutter try to help the client to work through these difficulties, to understand them, and to process them or accept them, depending on what the difficulties atomic number 18. Importantly, counselling does not work by the provision of advice or direction instead, the cou nsellor helps the client to gain subordination in directing their testify lives.The two counselling approaches discussed within this judge atomic number 18 individual-centred counselling and cognitive-behavioural therapy. The theory underlying these approaches will be outlined, followed by examples of techniques used, and evidence of efficacy.Person-centred counselling, also known as client-centred or Rogerian counselling, is a humanist approach to counselling founded by Carl Rogers in the 1950s (Rogers, 1951). The approach is establish on the assumption that human beings are experts of themselves and that they piddle access to their own innate expert resources of ego-understanding and self-direction. The role of the counsellor is thus to provide a facilitative environment and relationship for the client to find these resources within themselves.In order to provide this facilitative environment and relationship, the counsellor basis their interactions with the client on thr ee headstone principles1) They are congruent (genuine) with the client, which can involve the counsellor showing their own human traits through appropriate and opportune personal disclosure. This contrasts many other approaches to counselling, which tend to promote a more(prenominal)(prenominal) formal relationship among counsellor and client.2) They provide unconditional dictatorial regard, even if a client divulges something that the counsellor disagrees with the counsellor remains pass judgment and caring of the client. Rogers believed this was important for clients to grow and reach their full potential.3) They expressempathy (the great power to understand what the client is feeling) andunderstanding towards the client. By providing empathy, the clients feelings are validated, which can be an important part of moving through and beyond those feelings.These three key principles demonstrate how the primary focus in person-centred counselling is the relationship between th e counsellor and client. The person-centred counsellor seeks to establish a trusting relationship with the client in whom the client can gradually confront anxieties, confusion and other controvert emotions.Central to person-centred counselling is the notion of self-concept, which refers to the perceptions and beliefs the client holds about themselves. The self-concept is influenced by an individuals experience of the world and comprises three componentsSelf-worth ( egotism) thoughts about the self, which develop in other(a) childhood and from experiences with parents or guardians.Self-image perceptions of the self, including body image, which can influence personality.Ideal self the self a person would like to be, including goals and ambitions.Theself-conceptis not necessarily agreeable with how others run into the client, as is the case in people with low self-esteem or conditions such as body dysmorphic disorder (characterised by sensed defects in physical appearance). R ogers based person-centred counselling the assumption that all human beings are seeking a positive self-concept (self-actualisation). It is this innate motivation towards self-fulfilment that is nurtured during person-centred counselling, with the accent again being on the clients own resources.Rogers has been criticised for having an overly optimistic view of human beings (Chantler, 2004), as well as focusing too such(prenominal) on a clients ideal self without considering whether this ideal self is existent (Wilkins, 2003). However, despite this criticism, there is strong evidence supporting the efficacy of the person-centred approach, including a UK-based meta-analysis of scientific studies (Elliot and Freire, 2008). This meta-analysis demonstrated large pre- and post- agitates in therapeutic outcomes that were maintained in the long-term.Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) was founded in the 1960s by Aaron Beck when he discovered that during counselling sessions, his client s tended to have an internal dialogue that was often negative and unsuccessful. Furthermore, this internal dialogue was observed to influence behaviour. This led to the hypothesis that changing these internal dialogues would lead to changes in behaviour. Thus, CBT focuses on the thoughts, images, beliefs and attitudes held by the client and how these relate to the clients behaviour or dash of dealing with emotional problems.CBT mothers a problem-solving approach to counselling, where the client and counsellor work collaboratively to understand problems and to develop strategies for tackling them. Clients are taught by counsellors, through guidance and modelling, a new set of skills that they can utilise when confronted with a particular problem. These skills are often focused on reframing negative self-talk in an childbed to change ones interpretation of the problem. An event is not necessarily the problem, but more so the individuals interpretation of the event.CBT focuses on t he present rather than the past, but does examine how self-defeating thinking patterns aptitude have been formed in early childhood and the impact patterns of thinking cogency have on how the world is understand in the present, as an adult. These patterns of thinking can and then be challenged by the counsellor and altered to fit the present.Taking a problem-solving approach means that CBT can offer effective outcomes in relatively short periods of time, well-nigh often 3-6 months. As an example, interpersonal psychotherapy for eating disorders has been found to take 8-12 weeks longer than CBT in order to achieve comparable outcomes (Agras et al., 2000). This is an obvious prefer the CBT approach has over other forms of counselling, making it a popular technique and the leading treatment for some mental health issues, such as bulimia (Wilson, Grilo, and Vitousek, 2007). The technique has even been incorporated into health interventions designed to hang overweight and obese in dividuals in losing weight (Wylie-Rosett et al., 2001) and to facilitate smoking utmost initiatives (Sussman, Ping, and Dent, 2006).CBT differs from other counselling approaches in that sessions have a structure, rather than the person talking freely about whatever comes to mind. At the beginning of counselling, the client meets the counsellor so that they can collaboratively set therapeutic goals to work towards. These goals then become the basis for planning the content of sessions as well as for assigning homework between sessions. The reason for having this structure is that it helps to use the therapeutic time efficiently and ensures that important information is not overlooked. Homework between sessions enables the client to practice and gain mastery in new skills with the chance to discuss any problems encountered in the next session. The counsellor takes a more active role at the beginning of counselling and as skills are mastered and the client grasps the principles they find helpful, the client is encouraged to take more responsibility for the content of sessions. The aim is that when the therapeutic relationship comes to an end, the client is sufficiently empowered to continue workingindependently.CBT also differs from other approaches in the disposition of the relationship between counsellor and client. Some counselling approaches encourage the client to depend on the counsellor, as part of the treatment process, in an effort to build trust. CBT favours a more equal relationship that is more formal, problem-focused and practical. much(prenominal) a relationship has been coined by Beck as collaborative empiricism, which emphasises the importance of client and counsellor working together to test out how the ideas behind CBT might apply to the clients individual circumstances (Beck, et al., 1979, Chap. 3).As demonstrated, patient-centred counselling and CBT are very(prenominal) different approaches to counselling, both in terms of structure and t he role of the counsellor. In terms of preference, it could be argued that both are valuable, effective approaches to counselling. Evidence shows that they both work and thus preference would be better decided with precondition of the client and their individual needs. Whilst person-centred counselling might be preferable for a client with trust issues or who requires extensive examination of past trauma, CBT might be preferable for someone with an immediate problem or phobia to solve or someone whose problems are primarily governed by negative self-talk. Since CBT works with cognitions and behaviour and person-centred counselling works more with affect and emotion, their finish needs to be based on individual context.Agras, W.S., et al., 2000. A multicentre parity of cognitive behavioural therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. Archives of everyday Psychiatry, 57, pp.459-466.Beck, A. T., et al., (1979).Cognitive therapy of depression. New York Guilford Pres s.British Association of Counselling mental hygiene 2009. honest Framework for Good Practice in Counselling Psychotherapy. Available from http//www.bacp.co.uk cited 09 January 2010.Chantler, K., 2004. double-edged sword power and person-centred counselling. In Moodley, R., Lago, C., and Talahite, A. eds. Carl Rogers counsels a black client. Herefordshire PCCS Books.Coren, A., 2001. Short- Term Psychotherapy A Psychodynamic Approach. Palgrave Publishers Ltd.Elliott, R. and Freire, B., 2008. Person-Centred Experiential Therapies Are Highly Effective Summary of the 2008 Meta-analysis. http//www.bapca.co.uk/uploads/files/Meta-Summary091708.doc. cited 09 January 2011.Rogers, Carl.,1951. Client-centered Therapy Its electric current Practice, Implications and Theory. London Constable.Sussman, S., Sun, P., and Dent, C. W., 2006. A meta-analysis of teen cigarette smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 25(5), pp.549-557. readiness and careers in counselling and psychotherapy (BACP) 2009. online. http//www.bacp.co.uk/admin/structure/files/pdf/811_t1.pdf cited 09 January 2011.Wilkins P.2003 Person-centred therapy in focus. London able publicationsWilson, G.T., Grilo, C.M., and Vitousek, K.M. 2007. Psychological treatment of eating disorders. TheAmerican Journal of Psychology, 62, pp.199-216.Wylie-Rosett., et al., 2001. Computerized weight release intervention optimizes staff time. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 101, pp. 1155-1162.

Lean Manufacturing Philosophy and Principles

sparse Manufacturing Philosophy and PrinciplesResearch for manufacturing systemsIntroduction to reportPrior to the popular sufferance of go Manufacturing, the demand for variety was not met. Customers wanted variety, including different models and various options. execute manufacturing was invented in fix to make it possible to provide perseverance in process flow and a variety in harvest-home offerings (Womack et al., 1990). break away techniques were then applied in order to provide the customer what they want, when they need it without any excess costs (Conner, 2004). This report aims to convey the ideas and ism of Lean Manufacturing. Moreover, the background of the origins of Lean Manufacturing sh altogether be explored. Furthermore, Muda, Kaizen, the 5Ss, and station organization go away be explained. Finally, a practical example that aids to visualize the principles of Lean Manufacturing is going to be given.Ideas and philosophyThe definition of inclination manufact uring is a dogmatic approach to identify and eliminating waste (non-value-added activities) through continuous improvement by flowing the product at the pull of the customer in prosecution of perfection. (Kilpatrick, 2003)Furthermore, lean manufacturing is a method that cannister be defined, refined, and duplicated. It must counsel on eliminating waste. Muda, the Japanese term for waste, includes many forms generally overlooked when move through the plant. The idea of perfection is the waste-free cost of manufacturing a product. Identifying and eliminating waste is a Non-value-added activity, this means that it requires, action, time, or resources, but adds nothing in the eyes of the customer. The role of applying Lean manufacturing is to provide the customer with just what they want when they need it, with no excess cost. (Conner, 2004)Moreover, lean manufacturing is a method that depends greatly on tractability and organization, it is ideal for companies that want impertin ently and fresh manufacturing methods. Additionally, lean techniques eliminate oversize capital outlays for dedicated machinery until automation becomes completely necessary. (Bosh Rexroth Corporation, 2009)Lean manufacturing represents a major change from automation. The less is better approach to manufacturing introduces to a vastly simplified, clear environment that is adjusted to the manufacturers demands. Products are manufactured one at a time in response to the customers requirements rather than batch manufactured. The goal is to generate scarce the quantity required and no more. Although, the lean approach is not the solution for all manufacturing problems, it does offer a flexible solution for assemble more complex products. (Bosh Rexroth Corporation, 2009)Origins of lean manufacturing (Akdeniz, 2015)The Toyota production system not merely presently embodies lean manufacturing methodologies, but is ultimately behind the development of the lean business philosophy. W ithout the Toyota production system, we would not have lean manufacture. At the core of the Toyota productions systems are two central concepts Jidoka (intelligent automation) and well(p) in Time Manufacturing.The origins of Jidoka can be traced back to dominates invented by Sakichi Toyoda, the founder of the Toyota group. Traditionally, weaving was extremely grind intensive, manual work, since the weaver constantly had to feed the weft (horizontal yarn) back and forward between the vertical yarns. Sakichi Toyodas mother worked for a loom, and as he utilize to watch her at work, his mind would ceaselessly churn out new ideas of how to make this a simpler and more expeditious process.In 1890 at the geezerhood of 24, Sakichi invented an original, easy-to-use wooden bargain loom that was almost 50 % more efficient than existing models that existed at the time. A key feature of this loom that lead to this increased productivity was the ability of the weaver to use one hand to move the yarn back and forth so that they could feed in the weft simultaneously without interruption.Sakichi continued to experiment with new ideas, created more inventions and in 1924 he and his son Kiichiro developed the Model G, the worlds depression high-speed loom that fed in new weft without interruption of work. Later on Kiichiro took control of Toyota and he led Toyota into automotive manufacture. In 1937 Kiichiro Toyoda commenced work on a Toyota vehicle manufacturing plant, and he began to develop his ideas behind Just in Time manufacturing. He wanted to establish a system that produced only what was needed, when it was needed, and in the amount required to meet the demand in order to save time, money, and workspace.As the Toyota Production system (TPS) matured and Toyota began to excel as a corporation, the rest of the world began taking notice. Through implementation of Jidoka and Just in Time manufacture- Toyota was able to become the standard for many companies appr oximately the world. In 1984 The TPS was translated into English and General Motors approached Toyota to negotiate a contract that lead to a joint venture. The Toyota-GM plant quickly became the highest ranked in US for quality. The term lean was used to describe the Toyota Production System by a research group led by mob Womack, and afterwards on the term was coined as lean manufacture. This was later on shared with the world when a book outlining the researchs findings, The Machine that Changed the World, was released.Nowadays, lean system and methodologies, first developed by Toyota, have been widely adapted and spread to all forms of industry ranging from hospitals, offices, and government administration to retail, the service industry and the military. In from each one incarnation, lean manufacturing has proved as innovative successful as the last.ReferencesAkdeniz, C. (2015) Lean Manufacturing Explained Can Akdeniz Google Books.Bosh Rexroth Corporation (2009) Lean Manuf acturing Principles, Tools and Methods, (2.5). Available at http//www13.boschrexroth-us.com/Catalogs/Lean_Manufactuting_Guidebook.pdf (Accessed 7 March 2017).Conner, G. (2004) Lean Manufacturing Certification Workshop Participant Guide Gary Conner Google Books.Kilpatrick, J. (2003) Lean Principles. Available at http//mhc-net.com/whitepapers_presentations/LeanPrinciples.pdf (Accessed 7 March 2017).Womack, J. P., Jones, D. T., Roos, D. and Sammons Carpenter, D. (1990) Machine that Changed the World James P. Womack, Daniel T. Jones, Daniel Roos, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Google Books. Rawson Associates Scribner. Available at https//books.google.com.mt/books?id=_n5qRfaNv9ACprintsec=frontcoverdq=the+machine+that+changed+the+worldhl=mtsa=Xredir_esc=yv=onepageq=the machine that changed the worldf=false (Accessed 8 March 2017).

Amateur radio

dilettante intercommunicatecommunicationIf continuous communication theory were knocked issue, recreational receiving set would be there to step in volunteer(a) Radio connects people in times of indispensability during emergencies.To snuff it ones adventure into Amateur Radio, one unavoidably to obligate a license. thither is a test required by the FCC in order to obtain a license which one needs to operate an Amateur Radio (H10). Only licensed nonprofessionals arsehole operate an Amateur Radio send sullen (BARTLETT). Amateurs have to go through the different levels of licenses, which go from technician to general indeed to extra (HARING). With each step, they proceed more privilages and frequencies. Past exam questions include equipment, regulations, and morse code, all of which were dropped (HAMILTON). Now Amateur Radio is growing at a rate of 10% a year (HAMILTON). Amateur radio is growing with the new generation as well. Amateur Radio non just meant for old fol ks. The Amateur Community want to take on a new generation of men and women try Amateur Radio, said fag give away capital of Alabama (CONRAD). Test and study materials add up to usually $40 (H11).Amateur Radio is getting more and more in-sync with new applied science and computers. Automatic Packet Reporting remains (APRS) uses Global Positioning System with Amateur Radio to remotely wipe Amateurs movements and reports them to the APRS website (H11). All one needs to use APRS is a GPS and an Amateur Radio (H11). Anyone jackpot go online to the APRS website to see where amateurs ar at, anytime of the day. Amateurs also use APRS for use with Geocaching (H11). Geocaching is a scavenger decipher where people use a GPS unit to find treasures outside (H11).Echolink john be used as an alternative to equipment. Echolink is a bundle program, which hams raft use to listen to and shine audio recording over the profits (H10). Echolink plant by using a computer and profits con nection with a radio to listen to the repeating firearm, and to constantly transmit audio over the Internet via Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) technology to the end-user (H12). The same happens in reverse, when an end-user transmits they use VOIP technology to get to the computer, and the computer transmits audio to the radio, which the radio transmits audio to the repeater. With Echolink, licensed operators substructure get on other(a) repeaters and listen and transmit on them as well (H12). There ar conferences which are groups that can handle large amounts of users. These are server-based groups that are staple fiberally a middle-man or main group which people, links, repeaters, or other conferences can connect to (H12). Internet Radio Link Project (IRLP) is almost exactly worry Echolink, just that it is made mainly for connecting only repeaters to repeaters via VOIP, and not for desktop clients (H10).logarithmging ones contacts for a record is important as well. The re also is logging software which can log stations that amateurs have made contact with (H10). broadly logging is used with mettlesome Frequencies (HF) because of contesting. It is an easy way to keep track of ones data to send QSLs to (H10). Amateurs may also use an online log book, cry (out)ed Log Book of the World (LBW). This is useful for contacts that are in other countries (H10). If an amateur were to send QSL postcards to everyone whom they have had contact with in other countries, it would get sincerely expensive, really fast (H10).Amateurs really need equipment to take their licenses to the maximum realizable level. The equipment that amateurs use can be put into two main categories basic and move (LINDSAY). A basic station includes a transceiver, power supply, antenna, and coax. An advanced station includes transceiver(s), power supply(s) or generator, state-of-the-art antenna(s), amp(s), tower(s), and computer(s) (LINDSAY). Past radios used tubes, spot todays radio s use electronics (BARTLETT). Amateurs can choose from acquireing pre-made kits or choose to buy do-it-yourself kits, which they can solder the connections (HARING). Usually advanced hams have High Frequency radios, while basic hams have 2 meter and 440 radios (LINDSAY).Disadvantages of Amateur Radio are very few. The number one disadvantage of Amateur Radio is that transmissions arent secure, and can be picked up by anyone who has a radio including their enemies (H10)(BARTLETT). There really isnt much that amateurs can change in the moxie of encrypting their transmissions, because it is very regulated by the FCC.The advantages of Amateur Radio out-number the disadvantages. Amateur Radios are more reliable and still work when other forms of communication are down (telephone and internet) (H10). They are very simple to use (CONRAD). Amateurs can get communications up and into a disaster area faster, and easier than other communications and electricity companies (H10). All they need to do is install a repeater running on generators, while other communications and electricity companies need to fix or even re-build their whole entire infrastructure (H10). plurality get so tied into cellphones. They dont understand how the telecommunications infrastructure evolved. slightlytimes the a la mode(p) and greatest technology isnt the most reliable, said Shanda Rice (DYNES).Hams help out in natural disasters and emergencies. They help the USGS, NOAA, and NWS with reporting tsunamis, hurricanes, tornados, forest fires, earthquakes, and floods through SkyWarn (CONRAD). SkyWarn is a volunteer organization that is organized by the National Weather divine service who spots severe weather and reports back to NWS. They help out federal, state, county, and local anaesthetic government agencies and organizations (CONRAD). Amateurs connect fire departments, hospitals, and EMAs when regular links of communication are down (CONRAD). Hams connect communities, police force, searc h and rescue, explorers and scientists in remote areas (HAMILTON). Phone patches survey in handy when hams need to make a massive blank contact with one who is not an amateur operator (HAMILTON).A upset sailor and Amateur Radio operator used his radio to call for help. Bert Wilson, a sailor, was badly burned by a faulty range of mountains on his vessel at sea (HAMILTON). He turned on his ham radio and turned it to the regularly monitored Canadian frequency. Someone 3,000 KM away heard Wilson call for help (HAMILTON). He put Wilson in contact with a US Air Force Base, who put him in contact with a US freighter near him. They flew Wilson from the freighter to a hospital (HAMILTON).Most Amateurs are already prepared and ready to go for the next future emergency. Good hams are prepared twenty-four-seven (HARING). Hams help out when cell towers, internet servers, phones, and electricity are knocked out of service (CONRAD). Amateurs deteriorate to their ham radios and transmissions to repeaters to communicate in times of need (CONRAD). Hams helped out during the 87 Edmonto tornado to register people left homeless by the tornado, care track of where they were to reunite families (HAMILTON). Also during the 87 tornado, Alberta government employee ham ops helped police patrol the area with ham talkies (HTs) to make sure there was no looting and let in only residents (HAMILTON). There are groups that amateurs can join if they are interested in part in emergencies like Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES) or ARES (HARING) (H10). Hams can get yearly practice for the BIG CALL by helping with public service such as parade and event communications (HARING). An emergency without communication quickly becomes a disaster, said Don Montgomery (CONRAD).Amateur Radio operators come from all walks of life. They are movie stars, politicians, students, doctors, missionaries, transport drivers, and more (H11) In fact, licensed amateurs can even talk to astronauts on the International Space Station (NASA) There are more than one-million Amateur Radio operators (HAMILTON). The only restriction is that operators can only talk to other operators, only if the other country has an agreement with the US (H10).Amateurs talk on radio many different radio frequencies allocated by the FCC. Hams have 26 total bands that consist of many frequencies 1.8 Megahertz through 275 Gigahertz (H11). The high-frequency (HF) bands are 160 Meters (1.8-2 Megahertz), 80 Meters (3.5-4 Megahertz), 40 Meters (7-7.3 Megahertz), 30 Meters (10.1-10.15 Megahertz), 20 Meters (14-14.35 Megahertz), 17 Meters (18.068-18.168 Megahertz), 15 Meters (21-21.45 Megahertz), 12 Meters (24.89-24.99 Megahertz), and 10 Meters (28-29.7 Megahertz) (H10). The most commonly used bands (and bands with repeaters on them) are 2 Meters (144-148 Megahertz), and 70 Centimeters, hams also call 440, (420-450 Megahertz). Amateurs can also dispense slow-scan television (SSTV) on 1.25 Meters (222-225 Megah ertz) (H10).Hams shortened words down for ease of communication. Some common acryonms that amateurs use are a QTH, which is ones home, and a XYL, which is ones wife (HARING). DX-ing is long distance contesting, and amateurs send QSL postcards to their contacts as acknowledgement of contact (HARING) (HAMILTON). Amateurs sign off with a 73, which means goodbye (HAMILTON).

Socio Cultural Impacts on Ethical Advertisement

Socio Cultural Impacts on Ethical advertisement ad exampleity affects the practice of our lives, and also the practice of fear, in magnanimous modalitys. Advertising ethics concerns us all-academicians, ad agency personnel, advertisers, consumers, media personnel, and regulators-in one way or an first(a). further, publicize has become a race for creating a unique, cutting-edge, and beguiling way of passing on pertinent learning to customers to facilitate and verificatoryly influence their buying lasts. Specifically, TV advertising has long foc apply on honourable choices faced by news practitioners as they masses with at odds(p) pressures and goals. Recent scholarly attention to media ethics has foc employ mainly on case studies of TV advertisers actions regarding such issues as invasion of privacy, effect of profit causative on advertisement content, and advertisers relationships to their sourcesResearch ObjectivesFind the determinusinants that lead to un good adve rtising come disclose various impacts of un estimable advertising on the organizationIdentify the fond and cultural impacts of unethical advertising in particularTo run into the importance of ethical advertising for businessHow ethical advertising is touched by the complaisant and cultural set?Impacts of unethical advertising on the childrenImpacts of unethical advertising on the society and cultureReasons why firms conquer involve in unethical advertisingTo analyze the need of ethical advertising for businessLiterature re sceneryGeorge M. Zinkhan (Sep1994) stated that buying expression of consumers which is influenced by cultural and social ciphers intromit social class, family, demographics and geography. Culture is a combination of tangible factors and intangible asset hold dears that articulate the lifestyle of a person. Social class is be as the income group the individual belongs in addition which depends on the income earned, which determines buying behavior of a person. Reference group would ordinarily entangle celebrities who endorse brands, members of the family and close friends etc. Family is totally contrastive from the originator ones because of the preferences, norms and sets of a family in which the individual resides. Moreover the individuals buying decision is influenced by the ambience of his family and also set argon grasped unconsciously in a particular family setting. Thus, the individuals buying decision is collectively and unconsciously is influenced by the family. Demographics are specific inside study round a person which include gender, income, age etc. this also include the geographical location of a person which influences the buying behavior of a person. Factors which sess affect a persons decision suck include climate, weather etc. These tangible and intangible factors affect the marketers in making ethical decisions about merchandise.Bowie (2002) stated in his article that marketing ethics is subset of business ethics and deals with the act of good measuring rods marketing decisions, behaviors and also the institutions at large. Marketing ethics examine the example issues that marketers faces in organizations. Important topics include advertising honesty and truthfulness, fairness in pricing, safety and liability and forth decentlyness in selling. During recent years positive emergences in marketing ethics include recognition of the dis reconcileence amongst prescriptive, descriptive and analytical work in the field. Normative ethics deal with articulating and defending canonical deterrent example norms. Descriptive ethics deals with the scientific field of ethics conducted by social scientists while analytical marketing ethics include works that examine basic ethical marketing conceptions and norms. Moreover there are five core virtues listed law, fairness, trust, respect and empathy. These are relevant for marketing in a multi-cultural and multinational context. Th ere are legion(predicate) unlike theories which were tested. Amongst them which received stiff attention is Kohlbergs theory of cognitive object lesson development (CMD).this field of honor put up out that marketing practitioners are alike to professional groups on the CMD scale and secondly highly educated distaff workers score highest on CMD and thirdly those marketers nigh advanced in moral reasoning also exhibit socially responsible attitudes and behavior. Marketers must ingest moral responsibility for their strategies as well as for marketing efforts aimed at that segment.Cecilia (April 1999) stated in his article that in western countries conflicts between ethical/moral and social/economic value are observe. M any professionals suffer themselves disoriented concerning the correct attitude to take when facing dynamic and change possibilities for their marketing strategies. The explanatory study was conducted titled The Moral Themes in Advertising was conducted to kn ow what actually the marketers think or what is their perception about the concept of ethics in their ethical performance, social responsibility in marketing and the standards and guidelines. This study was conducted done mailing questionnaires to 78 foreign countries. This questionnaire had 170 questions, intimately of them had to be rated 1 being the pitiableest and 5 being the highest .The results were collect and variance was analyzed. There were a lot of variations in the results of different countries. somewhat countries had more moral values and wherefore were more ethical in their marketing strategies. The social uses do influence the human behavior, since they reflect and crack the values system of a society. The morality of these uses and heart correspond to the haughtiness of the social and human nature. It justifies that advertisers and other marketing practitioners or professors throughout the military man study a way of becoming more sensitive to the heavy r esponsibility they assume, concerning their apparent alienation about ethical duties and obligations toward the citizens.Fritzsche (November 1995) stated in his article that personal values momentously influence the decision making process of a person. The article studies the relationship that exists between personal values and ethical dimensions of decisions. There are numerous studies that show that that personal value plays an distinguished role in influencing the behavior of marketing managers. Studies also conjure up that managers should be screened out on the basis of their values while hiring. The basic definition of values is defined as A value is a conception, explicit or implicit of the desirable that influences the selection from available modes, symbolises and ends of action. Another definition states that a value is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of con ducts or end state of existence. Studies by numerous scholars suggest that behavior is a result of values and attitudes and that value provide a basis for the development of individual attitudes which lead to specific decision making. A personal value questionnaire was developed in England in which managers were asked to evaluate the performance of 66 values. This was mensurable on a success scale, a right scale and a pleasant scale, which showed a high variation in values of different people.Becker(November 1990) states in this article that ethical behavior of marketing managers can be examined by their reactions and retorts to a varied sequence of ethical dilemmas presented to them. These include coercion and control, conflict of interest, physical environment paternalism and personal integrity. To conduct this study the respondents were selected from a random sample of 593 marketing practitioners from American Marketing Association.Memebers who were listed were either consultan ts or academics were not included in the sample. Total of 124 questionnaires were received and processed. The results were evaluated on tercet broad categories which were the individual, the individuals peer and the individuals top management. However there were some limitations to this study because the response rate was very low. Secondly the selective information was based on statements of what the respondents. The managers responded to coercion and control dilemmas differently than they responded to conflict of interest problems. This response in turn differed from their response to personal integrity dilemmas. The paternalism response did not differ significantly from either the conflict of interest or the personal integrity response. Therefore care should be taken when interpreting past and upcoming empirical studies of ethical behavior to avoid generalizing across categories of ethical problems.Desmond (2004) stated in his article that regardless of argumentative concerns o f marketing ethicists, a societal based morality continues to suffer because of marketing practices. This article in the get away of ethicist and egoist elements of moral theory discovers the outcomes of marketing actions relative to the normative elements. Ethicists are the scholars arguing that better moral outcomes can be reached via the physical body of the maxims of moral philosophy within management theory. Whereas egoists those who profess Adam Smiths view that the pursuit of different forms of self-interest will eventually lean towards the best, or least worst, of moral consequences in economic situations.Ahmed (May 1996) in this paper examines the features, similarities and differences in advertising expressions and strategies. The study is on a cross cultural abstract which compared USA a high context culture with India a low context culture. A random sample of advertisements were chosen for this research, consumer products were selected which were from nationally circu lated paper and magazines of each country. The study found out that there are substantial differences in the advertisements produced by the cardinal countries and reflections of their cultural values could be seen in their advertising expressions. Moreover it was revealed that US advertisements were direct, distinctive in which sexual portrayals of women were used whereas in Indian ads collateral style was used with combined visuals and stereotypical portrayals of women were more frequently used compared to US ads. Furthermore it has been said that most of the cross cultural empirical studies that have been conducted to date compared either two or more Western industrialized countries or Western and eastern industrialized countries. Other cross cultural analysis were also conducted which compared US with UK. Every analysis showed a different and varied result.Hayman (September 1994) stated in his article that the practice of our lives and businesses is affected by advertising et hics in prominent ways. Advertising ethics concerns too many people which include consumers, academicians, ad agency personnel, advertisers, and media personnel somehow. Recent articles have scrutinized the ethicality of ads with exploitive appeals, convincing appeals and stereotyped actors. Other articles studied the ethicality of ads for professional services, politicians or political causes and self-styled products like cigarettes. Different tests were carried out which showed different results. Respondents said that they value accompaniment constraints and concomitant reliance on convenience significantly more than other impediments. Moreover the use of dishonesty, advertisement for children, tobacco ads, use of stereotypes should also be avoided according to the respondent.Buijzen (2003) in his article introduced a warning on the unmotivated effects of advertising and conducted tests to test the validity of three hypothesis about the impact of advertising on physicalism, p arent child conflict and unhappiness. It was observed that there was a moderate relationship between advertising and materialism and advertising and parent-child conflict however no significant relationship was found between unhappiness and advertising. Moreover it is stated that television advertisements aimed at children were a subject of concern in US and Europe in early 1970s. Furthermore it is discussed that effects of advertising directed toward children are based on two paradigms paradigm of empowered child and paradigm of vulnerable child. In paradigm of empowered child, children are viewed as skilled consumers critically bear upon commercial messages whereas in paradigm of vulnerable child assumes that children lack cognitive skills to protect themselves against advertising messages. It was also examined that children are more susceptible than adults to the beguiling influence of commercials.Robert Bartels (1997) stated in his article that he contributed the first all-e mbracing model for ethics in marketing. This conceptualization of the variables that influence marketing ethics decision making determine the logical basis for marketers to determine what is right or wrong. In this article a schematic plan for analyzing the variables constitutive(a) in the ethics of decision making and provided a framework for social and personal ethics in marketing decisions. This model was successful in outlining variables that influence ethical decision making, including participants, cultural influencers, role expectations, and the complexity of ethical decision making.Chapter 3 MethodologyThis section outlines and elaborates on the research and how it was conducted. It covers the details of the research design, methodology for collecting the entropy, population, questionnaire development and data analysis.3.1 Research digitThe aim of the paper is to figure out how Socio cultural factors affect ethical advertising. The basic idea is to equip ourselves with additional research on the phenomenon of consumer response with respect to unethical advertisements this makes the research a basic research. Since the intention is to stupefy socio cultural factors affect ethical advertisements, this research was termed as descriptive and unremarkable in nature.3.2 information Collection MethodData can be collected from primary or secondary sources. A primary data refers to information collected firsthand by the researcher based on the variables of interest for the specific purpose of study. Whereas a secondary data refers to information collected from sources already existing. This research was based on primary data collection approach. Questionnaires were used for collecting data. Personally administered questionnaires were used. They were distributed to a total of 29 people of different ages, occupation and income. Once the questionnaires was filled they were collected from the respondent, the researcher was accompanying the respondent so th at queries from respondent can be answered. The namelessness and confidentiality of the researcher and their responses was ensured and were analyzed at the aggregate level only.Close finish questions were used in the questionnaire which helped the respondents to make quick decisions to choose among the several utility(a) before them (Sekaran, 2000). Such type of questionnaires also helps the researcher to code the information easily for subsequent analysis. Likert-style rating scale was used it consists of subsequent options potently agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree. Different statements were made in the questions and respondents were asked the degree as to what they agree or disagree upon.3.3 Questionnaire DevelopmentThe layout of the questionnaire is very important to reduce the biases in the research (Sekaran, 2000) due to this the layout is kept simple and limited to 4 pages only. Questionnaire starts with an conception of research.The design of the qu estionnaire is attached in Appendix 2.Theoretical frameworkoperating(a) Definitions1) Industry StandardsIndustry standards are orderly and systematic formulation, adoption, or application of standards used in the industry. An industrial standard is a generally authorized requirement to be met for the attainment of a recurrent industrial objective. These standards would be evaluated through secondary data obtained from Internet.2) Personal ConscienceIt explains the concomitant moral judgment that determines the morality of actions it can be right, correct, doubtful or scrupulous. Data would be gauged by asking indirect questions from the respondents and their answers would reflect their conscience.3) Company insuranceCompany policies are guidelines-statements (guide to plans decision making) to facilitate predetermined objective on the mode and manner in the structural functional aspects to achieve the objective formulated as plans at all levels of management in the business organ ization. Data related to company policy would be gathered by visiting Telecom companies like Telenor and Warid.4) Moral valuesMoral values explain the standards of good and evil, which govern an individuals behavior and choices. Every person has different morals and it is difficult to judge a persons moral values therefore data for moral values would be gauged by asking indirect questions from the respondents and their answers would reflect their moral values.5) Government laws and regulationsGovernment is a system of social control which grants a particular group of society the right to make laws, and the right to enforce them. Laws and regulations are rules that order human activities and relations through systematic application of the force of politically organized society. Data would be gathered through Internet and Government publications.6) Regulatory agenciesRegulatory agencies are supreme government bodies formed or mandated under the terms of a legislative act to ensure co mpliance with the provisions of the act, and in carrying out its purpose. Data related to regulatory agencies would be gathered from secondary data available on internet and government publications.7) ReligionReligion is defined as a specific fundamental set of beliefs and practices generally hold upon by a number of persons or sects. Religion is an important factor that affects advertisements. Data would be gathered through Questionnaires and focus groups.8) Cultural valuesCultural values are Commonly held standards of what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong, workable or unworkable, etc., in a community or society. Data related to Cultural values would be gauged through Questionnaires and focus groups.Hypotheses 1Socio-Cultural factors have a significant/peanut impact on ethical advertisementHo Socio-Cultural factors have a significant impact on ethical advertisementH1 Socio-Cultural factors have an undistinguished impact on ethical advertisem entMultiple Regressions Q6Dependent variable Q6 free variablesQ12Q13Q15Q19StandardTParameterEstimateErrorStatisticP-Value unalterable0.008639310.3553080.0243150.9808Q120.3912370.1718782.276240.0320Q130.3211970.129312.483930.0204Q150.09935210.1792060.5544020.5844Q190.197470.08125982.430110.0229Analysis of VarianceSourceSum of significantsDfMean SquareF-RatioP-Value imitate7.9644441.9911144.660.0000Residual1.07004240.044585Total (Corr.)9.0344828R-squared = 88.156 partR-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 86.1821 shareStandard Error of Est. = 0.211152Mean right-down error = 0.127206Durbin-Watson statistic = 2.18452 (P=0.6825) backwardness 1 residual autocorrelation = -0.0946458The StatAdvisorThe output shows the results of fitting a multiple linear reasoning backward model to describe the relationship between Q6 and 4 independent variables. The par of the fitted model isQ6 = 0.00863931 + 0.391237*Q12 + 0.321197*Q13 + 0.0993521*Q15 + 0.19747*Q19Since the P-value in the ANOVA table is less than 0.05, there is a statistically significant relationship between the variables at the 95.0% self-assurance level.The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 88.156% of the variability in Q6. The adjusted R-squared statistic, which is more adequate for analyze models with different numbers of independent variables, is 86.1821%. The standard error of the evaluate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be 0.211152. This value can be used to fix prediction limits for new observations by selecting the Reports option from the text menu. The mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.127206 is the average value of the residuals. The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the residuals to determine if there is any significant correlation based on the order in which they transcend in your data file. Since the P-value is greater than 0.05, there is no indication of resultant autocorrelation in the residuals at the 95.0% confidence level.In determining whether the model can be simplified, notice that the highest P-value on the independent variables is 0.5844, belonging to Q15. Since the P-value is greater or satisfactory to 0.05, that term is not statistically significant at the 95.0% or higher(prenominal) confidence level. Consequently, you should consider removing Q15 from the model.Multiple Regression Q6Dependent variable Q6Independent variablesQ12Q13Q19StandardTParameterEstimateErrorStatisticP-ValueCONSTANT00.35001501.0000Q120.4532020.1287543.51990.0017Q130.3694580.09428683.918450.0006Q190.1871920.07801312.399490.0242Analysis of VarianceSourceSum of SquaresDfMean SquareF-RatioP-ValueModel7.9507432.6502561.140.0000Residual1.08374250.0433498Total (Corr.)9.0344828R-squared = 88.0044 percentR-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 86.5649 percentStandard Error of Est. = 0.208206Mean absolute error = 0.123662Durbin-Watson statistic = 2.1867 (P=0.6811)Lag 1 residual autocorrelation = -0.0951858The StatAdvisorThe output shows the results of fittin g a multiple linear regression model to describe the relationship between Q6 and 3 independent variables. The equation of the fitted model isQ6 = -6.99441E-15 + 0.453202*Q12 + 0.369458*Q13 + 0.187192*Q19Since the P-value in the ANOVA table is less than 0.05, there is a statistically significant relationship between the variables at the 95.0% confidence level.The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 88.0044% of the variability in Q6. The adjusted R-squared statistic, which is more suitable for comparing models with different numbers of independent variables, is 86.5649%. The standard error of the estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be 0.208206. This value can be used to construct prediction limits for new observations by selecting the Reports option from the text menu. The mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.123662 is the average value of the residuals. The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the residuals to determine if there is any signif icant correlation based on the order in which they occur in your data file. Since the P-value is greater than 0.05, there is no indication of serial autocorrelation in the residuals at the 95.0% confidence level.In determining whether the model can be simplified, notice that the highest P-value on the independent variables is 0.0242, belonging to Q19. Since the P-value is less than 0.05, that term is statistically significant at the 95.0% confidence level. Consequently, you probably dont want to train any variables from the model.

The Lure of Polo Through the Years :: Games Sports Essays

The Lure of Polo Through the YearsDangerous, thrilling, addictivehowever you assume to describe the current game of polo, you can be sure that someone utilise those same words thousands of years ago for the same purpose. Polo, as it is played to twenty-four hours, is merely a refinement of games played as earlyish as the sixth century B.C. It has been said, in some(prenominal) languages and in many time periods, He who plays polo once will sacrifice his money and tree trunk to play again. Polo has survived for over two thousand years its addiction essential be as powerful as players claim.The sport of kings is one of the oldest sports soundless in existence today. In fact, versions of the game were played so unyielding ago that a definite origin of the game cannot be determined. imputable to the expense of owning and training the surmount horses, it was primarily nobles who played the game. Because of this, polo was spread as nations conquered others, and it disappeared in areas as noble classes died. Thus, the game was often born and born-again in so many versions that the term polo (translated from several ancient and modern languages) grew to encompass a wide variety of games involving a stick, ball and players on horseback.Many historians will trace polos roots back to Persia (modern day Iran), where the game developed from its most raw and dangerous form. The Persians, who were among the first to tame horses and use them in warfare, began playing games on horseback in run to refine their equestrian skills. The game of choice involved any kind action of players on horseback all attempting to hit a round purpose with mallets past the other teams final players. Sometimes hundreds of players were on each team, and the object they were fighting over ranged from balls, to goats, to decapitated human heads. With so many players and no regulation, polo quickly became a sport in which collisions, ill-trained horses, and human error could easily cau se injury and even death.Despite the translucent dangers one encounters while playing polo, it was a popular activity for armies and nobles. For cavalry, polo provided a venue for displaying ones athleticism, poise, quick thinking, and boldness. In fact, kings from many nations used polo as an easy way to determine appointments for political and army positions. Often, the best polo players were the only ones who could surpass their natural born social class.